< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰebʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰebʰ-

  1. to give

Notes
  • Formerly taken as equivalent to *gʰeh₁bʰ- until the advent of the laryngeal theory.

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰebʰ-
  • *gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)[1][2]
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei
      • Eastern Baltic:
        • Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)[1]
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Eastern Baltic:
        • ⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)
    • Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)
  • *gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)
    • ⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš
  • >? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és, *gʰébʰ-ōl (“head”)[3][4]
    • Proto-Germanic: *gebla-, *gabla- m (“head; top, summit; gable”)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *gebl m
        • Old High German: gebal (“head, cranium”)
          • Middle High German: gebel (“skull”)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *gebil m (“gable”)
        • Old Dutch:
        • Old High German: gibil; gibilla (f)
          • Middle High German:
      • Old Norse: gafl
      • Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌻𐌰 (gibla, “pinnacle”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *képʰəl
      • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *kepəlā́ f
        • Ancient Greek: κεφαλή (kephalḗ) (or < *⁽ǵ⁾ʰebʰh₂-l-)[5]
        • Ancient Macedonian: κεβαλή (kebalḗ), κεβλή (keblḗ)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *ćäpāl(ä) n (“head”)
      • Tocharian A: śpāl
      • Tocharian B: śpāl
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)
    • >? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*geban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gebla(n)- ~ *gabla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 173
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “לpāl*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κεφαλή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 682–683
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