< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the name of a Celtic tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”), or alternatively (but less likely[1]) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.[2] For the first possibility, cf. the personal name Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh cadwalch (“hero, champion, warrior”, literally “battle-hawk”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈwɑl.xɑz/

Noun

*walhaz m

  1. foreigner, non-Germanic person (especially a speaker of Latin or a Celtic or Romance language)

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *walhaz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *walhaz *walhōz, *walhōs
vocative *walh *walhōz, *walhōs
accusative *walhą *walhanz
genitive *walhas, *walhis *walhǫ̂
dative *walhai *walhamaz
instrumental *walhō *walhamiz

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *walh
    • Old English: wealh
    • Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
    • Old High German: walh, walah
      • Middle High German: walch
        • German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
    • → Vulgar Latin: *Wallō
  • Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᛉ (*walhaʀ) (attested in ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē) on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate, dative singular of a compound meaning “foreign grain”, taken to be a kenning for “gold”)
    • Old Norse: valr (plural valir)
      • Icelandic: valur (plural valir)
      • ⇒ Old Norse: val-
        • Faroese: val-
        • Icelandic: val-
        • Old Swedish: val, valar pl
  • → Proto-Slavic: *volxъ
  • ⇒ Hungarian: olasz, oláh

References
  1. Patrizia de Bernardo (2008), "Linguistically Celtic Ethnonyms: towards a classification", in: Juan Luís García Alonso (ed.), Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe, Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p. 103
  2. Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico.
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