< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aljaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɑl.jɑz/

Determiner

*aljaz[1]

  1. other, another, else
    Synonym: *anþeraz

Inflection
Declension of *aljaz (ja-stem, strong only)
strong declension
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *aljaz *aljai *aljō *aljôz *alją, *-at(ō) *aljō
accusative *aljanǭ *aljanz *aljǭ *aljōz *alją, *-at(ō) *aljō
genitive *aljas, *alis *aljaizǫ̂ *aljaizōz *aljaizǫ̂ *aljas, *alis *aljaizǫ̂
dative *aljammai *aljaimaz *aljaizōi *aljaimaz *aljammai *aljaimaz
instrumental *aljanō *aljaimiz *aljaizō *aljaimiz *aljanō *aljaimiz


Descendants

Among most descendants, only the genitive survives as an adverb *aljas (“other, else”), or in other formations (*aljǭ (“but”), *aljalīkô (“otherwise”)) or compounds, e.g., *aljalandijaz ~ *alilandijaz ~ *aljalandiją (“foreign country”).

  • Proto-West Germanic: *alljas
    • Old English: elles
    • Old Frisian: elles, ellis
    • Old Dutch: elles
      • Middle Dutch: els
    • Old High German: elles, alles
  • Old English: ele-, el-
  • Old Saxon: eli-
  • Old Dutch: eli-, ele-
  • Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-)
    • ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)
    • Old Norse: ella (“otherwise, or”), ellar (< *aljǭ)
      • Icelandic: ellar, ella (“otherwise, or”)
      • Faroese: ella (“or”)
      • Middle Norwegian: ælle
        • Norwegian Nynorsk: eller, elder; (dialectal) eld’u, eld’e, elle (“or”)
          • ⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)
      • Westrobothnian: ell, hell, elläs, heller, eller (“or, else, otherwise”)
      • Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)
        • Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)
      • Danish: eller (“or”)
        • Norwegian Bokmål: eller (“or”), ⇒ ellers (“else, otherwise”)
      • Gutnish: ella (“or”)
    • Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

Further reading
  • Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*alja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 23
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