Outer Mongolia

outer (exterior, seen from China proper) + Mongolia

Outer Mongolia

1. Mongolia; a region south of Siberia, west of Manchuria and north of Inner Mongolia (with closely related native Mongolian population), well north of the Great Wall, which never became an integral part of the Chinese empire, and later achieved autonomy and full independence of China, as the republic of Mongolia
   • 1851 February, “Topography of the Chinese Empire beyond the provinces”, in The Chinese Repository‎, volume XX, number 2, page 64:

     The divisions of Wái Mungkú 外蒙古 or Outer Mongolia, are four lú 路 or circuits, usually called khanates from the titles of the leading chieftain khan 汗.

   • 1977 August 7, L. Chen, “Teng returns for Vance visit”, in Free China Weekly‎, volume XVIII, number 31, Taipei, page 3:

     Peiping regards Moscow as the revisionist headquarters. The East European satellite states, Cuba and Outer Mongolia are petty revisionists.

   • 1998, George H. W. Bush, Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed‎, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, page 95:

     [Deng Xiaoping] “Yalta not only severed Outer Mongolia from China, but also brought the northeastern part of China into the Soviet sphere,” he went on. “After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our first demands to the Soviet Union were to recover Chinese sovereignty over the Changchun Railway and Port Arthur. Only then was PRC authority in northeastern China confirmed. . . . We raised the question of Outer Mongolia, but the Soviets didn’t respond.

• Inner Mongolia

• Outer Mongolian

• Küriye, Kulun, Ulaanbaatar, Ulan Bator (capital)

• “Outer Mongolia, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “Outer Mongolia”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary