þurfan

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þurbaną (“to need, to have to”), from Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to satisfy”). Germanic cognates include Old Frisian *thurva, Old Saxon thurvan, Middle Dutch durven (Dutch durven), Old Norse þurfa (Swedish tarva), Old High German thurfan (German dürfen), Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban). The Indo-European root also led to Ancient Greek τέρπω (térpō), Old Church Slavonic трѣбѣ (trěbě), Russian требовать (trebovatʹ).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈθurfɑn/, [ˈθurvɑn]

Verb

þurfan

  1. to need [+genitive]
  2. to be obliged (to do something)

Conjugation
Conjugation of þurfan (preterite-present)
infinitive þurfan tō þurfanne
indicative present past
1st-person singular þearf þorfte
2nd-person singular þearft þorftest
3rd-person singular þearf þorfte
plural þurfon þorfton
subjunctive present past
singular þurfe þorfte
plural þurfen þorften
imperative
singular þurf
plural þurfaþ
participle present past
þurfende þurfen

Descendants
  • Middle English: thurven, thurfen, þurfen, durfen
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