Tell Ishchali

At first, the site of Ishchali was thought to be Khafajah. Upon discovery there of a date formula that read "year that king Ishme-Bali built the great wall of Nerebtum", that designation became popular. Currently, scholarly opinion is split between Nerebtum and Kiti as the result of many tablets from the temple of Inanna of Kiti being analyzed. The name of Sadlas has also been proposed.

A number of bricks of Ipiq-Adad II were found in the Kitium temple inscribed with:

"To Inanna Kititum did Ipiq-Adad, the mighty king, the king who enlarged Eshnunna, shepherd of the dark headed (people), beloved of Tispak, son of Ibal-pi-el, grant Neribtum"[1]

Items from illegal excavations at Ishchali began appearing on the open market in the 1920s, including many clay tablets. To pre-empt this activity, the Iraq expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago conducted two seasons of excavations there between 1934 and 1936. The expedition was led by Henri Frankfort and the work at Ishchali was handled by Thorkild Jacobsen and Harold Hill, all of the Oriental Institute.[2][3]

Four-headed god statuette, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonia periods, 2000-1600 BC, Ishchali. Oriental Institute Museum.[4]

The site lies about 3 miles (4.8 km) south and 7 miles (11 km) east of the modern city of Baghdad and 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Eshnunna on the Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris. The main tell at Ishchali measures roughly 600 by 300 metres (1,970 ft × 980 ft). There are also small mounds to the north and south of it. The entire site covers around 23 hectares (57 acres).

Surface finds indicate that Ishchali may have been occupied as far back as the Akkadian period, but all excavated epigraphic evidence dates to the Old Babylonian period. While some tablets mention early local rulers, for most of the known history of Ishchali kings from Eshnunna held sway there, including Ipiq-Adad and Ibal-pi-El. During the time of Sabium, king of Babylon, , Ibal-pi-El I of Ešnunna, Sîn-iddinam of Larsa and Sîn-kašid of Uruk the king of Nerebtum was Iku(n)-pi-Si.[5][6]

The most notable feature of Ishchali is the main temple. It was that of Inanna-Kitium, or Inanna of Kiti. It is one of the largest temples ever found in the ancient Near East at 100 meters by 65 meters. Rebuilt several times, always following the original plan, the monumental building consisted of one large upper temple and two smaller areas which are thought to be shrines. The many tablets found there give an excellent picture of temple life. A number of cylinder seals dating from the Early Dynastic to the Larsa period were also found there, assumed to be relic donations to the temple.[7] There was also a smaller temple to the local city-god version of the god Sin.

Of the 280 tablets excavated, 138 went to the Oriental Institute with the remaining 142 assigned to the Iraq Museum. The tablets illegally excavated from Ishchali are in many locations including the Lowie Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley, the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Geneva, Iraq Museum, Oriental Institute, and the Free Library of Philadelphia.[8]

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  Four-faced goddess, Ishchali, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonia periods, 2000-1600 BC, bronze - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
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  Storm god, Ishchali, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonian, 2000-1600 BC, baked clay - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
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  Plaque with bull-men holding a palm trunk with sun disk, Ishchali, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonian, 2000-1600 BC, baked clay - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
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  Storm god, Ishchali, Isin-Larsa to Old Babylonian, 2000-1600 BC, baked clay - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
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  Musician playing a lute, Isin-Larsa period, 2000-1600 BC, baked clay - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago

• Cities of the ancient Near East
• Short chronology timeline

• Greengus, Samuel (1979). Old Babylonian Tablets from Ishchali and Vicinity. ISBN 978-90-6258-044-6.
• Greengus, Samuel (1986). Studies in Ishchali documents (in Akkadian). Malibu: Undena Publications. ISBN 978-0-89003-167-4. OCLC 715246491.
• Gentili, Paolo (2004). "A Catalogue of the Ishchali Texts in the Iraq Museum". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 63 (4): 257–275. doi:10.1086/426629. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 10.1086/426629. S2CID 161539369.
• de Jong Ellis, Maria (1986). "The Goddess Kitium Speaks to King Ibalpiel: Oracle Texts from Ishchali". MARI 5. pp. 235–266.
• Miglus, P.A. (1998–2001). Nērebtum. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie IX (pp. 211–214). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• Yuhong, W. (1994). Te treaty between Shadlash (Sumu-numhim) and Neribtum (Hammi-dushur). Journal of Ancient Civilizations , 9, 124–136

• Ishchali tablets at CDLI
• Terracotta plaque from Ishchali at the Oriental Institute
• Reconstruction of Kitium Temple at ARTEHISTORIA