List of active separatist movements in Africa
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with living, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are the citizen/inhabitants of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with de facto autonomy from the government
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed separatist organisations
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s)
Algeria
- Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqbaylit).
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣTIL).[2]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (Mak-Anavad).[4]
Angola
A map of Angola showing majority ethnic groups (Bakongo area is north, dark green)
Central-Eastern Angola
- Ethnic group:
Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state: Lunda-Tchokwé (República Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT)[5][6]
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT),[5] led by Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito[7]
- Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé (MJSPL),[8] also an Advocacy group
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)[5][6]
- Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (JULT)
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[9]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
- Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
Botswana
Zambesia
Cameroon
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Proclaimed Ambazonian territory
Bakassi
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[12]
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[13]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[14]
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015
Central African Republic
Territories under control of FPRC around 2021
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Republic of Dar el-Kuti[15]
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka[16]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
_-_Bas-Congo.svg.png.webp)
- Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[19]
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
- Status: Sporadic violence
Eritrea
Map of Dankalia, Saho, and Kunama
- Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Dankalia - Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Equatorial Guinea
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
Ethiopia
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
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.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
- Advocacy group: Qeerroo
- Proposed state: Tigray[20]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[21]
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Self-determination for the Sidama people
- Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front[22]
France
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Réunion
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Mayotte
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Secessionist movements:
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp)
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir. - Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[23]
Ghana
Map of the Togoland
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
Kenya
Mombasa
- Proposed state: Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[24][25]
- Status: Active[26]
- Ethnic group: Somalis in Kenya
- Proposed: unification with Somalia or independence[27]
Libya
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Cyrenaica[28] - Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Mali
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state:
Azawad - Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Proposed state:
Mauritius
Location of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean
- Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomy or state:
Rodrigues - Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation[29][30]
- Proposed greater autonomy or state:
Morocco
Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)
- Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political party: Rif Independence Movement
- Militant organisation(s): Rif Independence Movement
Started in Morocco during the 1920s,[31][32] and was revitalized in 2013.[33] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[33]
Namibia
Map of the Caprivi
- Ethnic Group: Lozi
- Proposed state: Caprivi Strip[34] or unificiation with Barotseland
- Militant organization: Caprivi Liberation Army[35]
- Ethnic group: Lozi
- Proposed state:
Barotseland - Militant organization: Barotse Royal Establishment[36]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Baster
- Proposed autonomous area:
Rehoboth area[37] - Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM)[38] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)[39]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Zambesia
Nigeria
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state:
Republic of Biafra (defunct) - Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[40]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[41]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [42]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Niger Delta Republic[44] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,[45] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.[46] - Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta[47]
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,[48] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and other groups
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Senegal
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state:
Republic of Casamance - Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[49]
- Proposed state:
Somalia
Political map of Somalia
- Ethnic group: Somali, Arabs
- De facto state:
Somaliland - Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
- Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
- De facto state:
South Africa
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state: Volkstaat[50]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[51] Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
Municipalities often included in Cape Independence movements
Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope
- Linguistic group: Afrikaans speakers, English Speakers, isiXhosa speakers
- Ethnic groups: Coloureds, Afrikaners, South African English, Xhosa
- Proposed State: Western Cape (Cape Republic / Cape of Good Hope)[52]
- Political Parties: Cape Independence Party[53] Freedom Front Plus[54]
- Civic Organisations: CapeXit[55] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG)[52]
Spain
_in_Spain.svg.png.webp)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Sudan
- Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed state: Darfur
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur
Tanzania
_sv.svg.png.webp)
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Swahili
- Proposed state:
Zanzibar - Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[56]
- Proposed state:
Zambia
- Ethnic group: Lozi
- Proposed state: Barotseland
- Militant organization: Barotse Royal Establishment[36]
- Proposed state:
Zimbabwe
See also
References
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- Members: Afrikaner, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
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