Mogadishu riots of July 1989

Pietro Salvatore Colombo, was an Italian Catholic who served as the Bishop of Mogadishu who had lived in Somalia for over 40 years. Colombo was highly regarded by both the Catholic community and the Muslim population.[2] On 9 July 1989 he was assassinated in Mogadishu by a shooter, and the Barre regime would immediately lay blame the on Islamic fundamentalist's.[3] This claim was widely called into question by Christian groups, human rights organizations and Somali citizens at the time.[2][4][5] There was widespread suspicion that Archbishop Colombo had in fact been assassinated by government forces, as he had been a vocally outspoken critic of the regime.[6][5]

Several days later on Eid al-Adha 13 July 1989, four prominent religious leaders (Sheikh Ali Ibrahim, Sheikh Ali Yusuf, Sheikh Abdurrahman Ali Suufi, and Sheikh Ahmed Gabeyre) were arrested by the government along with 18 other men.[7][5][8] This action is believed to have been a major catalyst for the violence that erupted in the city on 14 July. The decision to detain the Sheikhs sparked outrage among the Muslim community and is believed to have contributed to the escalation of violence that followed.[5][9][4]

On the day following the arrests, during Friday prayers at the Sheikh Ali Suufi mosque in Hodan District, an Imam named Abdirashid Ali Suufi delivered a sermon condemning the regime. In response, government troops surrounded the mosque midway through the address. Upon completing their prayers, people left the mosque to the sight of a large cordon of armed government forces. Some in the crowd began shouting "Allahu Akbar" (God is great) while walking down Maka al-Mukarama Street. Stones were thrown at security forces and the latter responded with heavy machine gunfire into the crowd.[3] Though according to some sources, the troops had arrived to arrest the imam and had opened fire when members of the congregation resisted.[8]

News of the shooting at Sheikh Ali Suufi mosque would lead to riots breaking out throughout Mogadishu. After hours of fighting, these would be ultimately suppressed by government at the cost of hundreds of civilian casualties. In a bid to halt the escalating violence a curfew was imposed on the capital and troops promptly those who broke it, killing many. As a result, clashes between citizens and government troops escalated further. The rioting was the worst disturbance Mogadishu had experienced and was a precursor to the major fighting that occurred in 1991.[5][9][4][10]

Sheikh Ali Suufi mosque, where the unrest had begun, was reported to be heavily damaged by government forces.[8]

Witnesses claimed that soldiers searched homes all over the city during the night of the riots, detaining men, commiting rape, and plundering. Almost 2,000 people were detained during these searches.[5] Consistent gunfire was reported to be heard throughout the night, only becoming sporadic in the afternoon of the next day.[8]

Africa Watch, a human rights organization, reported that approximately 400 individuals were killed and over 1,000 were injured during the events, but many were hesitant to seek medical treatment due to fear of arrest. The government stated that only 23 individuals were killed and 59 were injured, blaming the violence on "troublemakers" and further dismissed reports of around 400 deaths as "sensational propaganda."[5]

The July massacres had significant consequences for the Barre regime and its foreign relations with the United States, which had previously been its principal source of financial and military support. Human rights organizations condemned the violence and accused the U.S. of complicity. In response, the Bush administration withdrew its request for more than $20 million in emergency economic support for the Somali government and began distancing itself from President Siad Barre. The size of the American embassy in Somalia was also significantly reduced, going from 189 to 85 employees.[9]

No one in the Somali government was ever prosecuted in connection with either the Mogadishu or Jazeera Beach massacres. It is widely believed that the Red Berets, a unit of around 5,000 troops led by the son of President Siad Barre, were responsible for the majority of the killings. Despite this, many analysts have agreed that it was unlikely that President Barre himself directly ordered the attacks and that the violence instead highlighted the lack of control over his military forces.[9]

The July 1989 massacres played a significant role in inflaming rebellion against the Somali government. In response to the killings, a group of civilian politicians, intellectuals, businessmen, and religious leaders representing a large coalition of Somali clans formed the Council for National Reconciliation and Salvation (CNRS). The goal of the council was to peacefully introduce democratic reforms and call for Siad Barre to peacefully relinquish power, the establishment of an interim government consisting of representatives from opposition movements, and a timetable for multiparty elections. While the CNRS received support from countries such as Egypt and Italy, efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful due to a lack of willingness to negotiate on the part of the Siad Barre regime.[11]