List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the Constituent Congress of Peru (1822), after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from Peru. The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current president in office is Dina Boluarte, the first woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one autocoup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case. Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.

Politics of Peru
Constitution
Executive
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Congress of the Republic
President
José Williams
Judiciary

Supreme Court of the Republic
President Elvia Barrios
Autonomies
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Peru portal

Presidents

Political parties:

Far-right:   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)

Centre-right:   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)

Centrist:   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Left wing:   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano; PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)

  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (1)   IND (6)   Military (16)

No. President Party Term of office Time in Office Form of entry Title Vice President
Took Office Left Office
0.5 José de San Martín and the Liberation Army of the South (1820–1823)
José de San Martín[2] 3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Protector of Peru[3]

Peruvian honors and titles:[4]
First soldier of freedom,
Generalissimo of the arms of Peru,
Founder of the freedom of Peru
1   José de la Riva Agüero[2] Military 28 February 1823 23 June 1823 115 days Appointed by Congress[5] President of the Peruvian Republic None
2   José Bernardo de Tagle[2][lower-alpha 1] Military 16 August 1823 18 November 1823 94 days Appointed by Congress[7] President of the Peruvian Republic None
18 November 1823 10 February 1824 84 days Election[8] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[9]
2.5 Simón Bolívar, the Northern Expedition, and the end of colonial era (1823–1826)
  Simón Bolívar[2] 10 February 1824 27 January 1827 2 years, 351 days Appointed by Congress[10] Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic[11]
Dictator of Peru[12][13]
3   José de La Mar[2] Military 10 June 1827 7 June 1829 1 year, 362 days Election[14] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
4   Agustín Gamarra[2] Military 7 June 1829 19 December 1829 195 days Coup d'état

(in collusion with Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente)

 Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente ruled temporarily until the arrival of Agustín Gamarra None
1 September 1829 19 December 1829 4 years, 109 days Appointed by Congress[15] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
19 December 1829 19 December 1833 Election[16] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
5   vínculo=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Luis_Jose_de_Orbegoso_y_Moncada_2.jpg Luis José de Orbegoso[17] Military 21 December 1833 21 December 1833 0 days Election[18] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
6   Felipe Salaverry[19] Military 25 February 1835 7 February 1836 347 days Coup d'état[20] Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic None
6.5 War of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836-1839)
Rulers of the Peru-Bolivia Confederation
sinmarco
sinmarco
sinmarco
sinmarco
sinmarco
sinmarco
 Result: Victory of United Restoration Army

Consequence: Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation

United Restoration Army Peru–Bolivian Confederation
6.6 Restoration of the Peruvian Republic
7   Agustín Gamarra[21] Military 20 January 1839[22] 15 August 1839 2 years, 302 days Open Cabildo[23][24]
(Occupation of Ejercito Unido Restaurador)		 Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
15 August 1839 10 July 1840 Appointed by Congress[23] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
10 July 1840 18 November 1841 (†) Election[25] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Manuel Menéndez
President of the Council of State
Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State[26]
Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz
2º Vice President of the Council of State
7.5 Military anarchy (1842–1844)
8   Manuel Menéndez[21] Independent 18 November 1841 16 August 1842 271 days Constitutional Succession[27] President of the Council of State of Peru Justo Figuerola
1º Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Francisco de Vidal La Hoz
2º Vice President of the Council of State
9   Juan Francisco de Vidal[21] Military 20 October 1842 15 March 1843 146 days Constitutional Succession[27][28][29] 2º Vice President of the Council of State of Peru None
9.5   Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco[21] Military 27 March 1843 7 April 1843 1 year, 82 days Coup d'état

(conspired between Vivanco and Pezet)

 Pezet ruled temporarily until the arrival of Vivanco None
7 April 1843 17 June 1844 Coup d'état[30][31] Supreme Director of Peru None
10.5 Military anarchy (1842–1844)
10   Manuel Menéndez[21] Independent 7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Restored to office[32] President of the Council of State of Peru None
11   Ramón Castilla[33] Military 20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years, 0 days Election[34][35] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
12   José Rufino Echenique[33] Military 20 April 1851 5 January 1855 3 years, 260 days Election[36] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
13   Ramón Castilla[33] Military 5 January 1855 24 October 1858 7 years, 292 days Coup d'état[37] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic José María Raygada

(Prime Minister)

Miguel de San Román

(Prime Minister)

24 October 1858 24 October 1862 Election[38] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Juan Manuel del Mar
14   Miguel de San Román[33] Military 24 October 1862 3 April 1863 (†) 161 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic   1º Juan Antonio Pezet

2º Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho

15   Juan Antonio Pezet[33] Military 5 August 1863 8 November 1865 2 years, 95 days Constitutional Succession Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho
16   Mariano Ignacio Prado[33] Military 28 November 1865 15 February 1867 2 years, 40 days Coup d'état[39][40] Provisional Supreme Chief of the Peruvian Republic None
15 February 1867 31 August 1867 Appointed by Congress[41] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
31 August 1867 7 January 1868 Election[42] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
17   Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho[43] Military 7 January 1868 2 August 1868 208 days Constitutional Succession[44] Vice President of the Peruvian Republic None
18   José Balta[43] Military 2 August 1868 22 July 1872 3 years, 355 days Election[45] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic   1º Mariano Herencia Zevallos

2º Francisco Diez-Canseco Corbacho

19.5   Tomás Gutiérrez[43] Military 22 July 1872 26 July 1872 4 days Coup d'état Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic None
19   Mariano Herencia Zevallos[43] Civilista Party 27 July 1872 2 August 1872 6 days Constitutional succession Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
20   Manuel Pardo y Lavalle[43] Civilista Party 2 August 1872 2 August 1876 4 years, 0 days Election[46] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Manuel Costas Arce

2.º Francisco Garmendia Puértolas

20.5 War of the Pacific started on 5 April 1879
21   Mariano Ignacio Prado[43] Civilista Party 2 August 1876 18 December 1879 3 years, 138 days Election[47] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Luis La Puerta

2º José Francisco Canevaro

19.5   Luis La Puerta[43] Military 18 December 1879 23 December 1879 5 days Constitutional Succession[48] Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic José Francisco Canevaro
23   Nicolás de Piérola[43] Independent 23 December 1879 28 July 1881 1 year, 217 days Open cabildo[49] Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic None
31 July 1881 28 December 1881 150 days Appointed by the National Assembly of Ayacucho[50] President of the Peruvian Republic None
24   Francisco García Calderón[51] Independent 12 March 1881 10 July 1881 239 days Council of Notables[52] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
10 July 1881 6 November 1881 Ratified by the Congress of Chorrillos[53][54] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Lizardo Montero

2º Andrés Avelino Cáceres

23   Lizardo Montero[51] Civilista Party 28 September 1881 28 October 1883 2 years, 30 days Constitutional Succession

(Vice President)

 Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
26   Miguel Iglesias[51] Military 30 December 1882 1 March 1884 2 years, 338 days Appointed by Constituent Assembly of the North[55] Regenerating President of the Peruvian Republic None
1 March 1884 3 December 1885 Appointed by Constituent Assembly[56][57] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
26.5 War of the Pacific ended on 4 April 1884
25   Andrés Avelino Cáceres[51][58] Constitutional Party 3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Remigio Morales Bermúdez

2º Aurelio Denegri

26   Remigio Morales Bermúdez[58] Constitutional Party 10 August 1890 1 April 1894 (†) 3 years, 234 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Pedro Alejandrino del Solar

2º Justiniano Borgoño

19.5   Justiniano Borgoño[59] Constitutional Party 1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional succession

(2º Vice President)

 Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
27   Andrés Avelino Cáceres[59] Constitutional Party 10 August 1894 20 March 1895 222 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º César Canevaro

2º Cesáreo Chacaltana

28   Nicolás de Piérola[59] Democratic Party 8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Guillermo Billinghurst

2º Augusto Seminario y Váscones

29   Eduardo López de Romaña[59] Civilista Party 8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Isaac Alzamora

2.º Federico Bresani

30   Manuel Candamo[59] Civilista Party 8 September 1903 7 May 1904 (†) 242 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1.º Lino Alarco (†)

2.º Serapio Calderón

19.5   Serapio Calderón[59] Civilista Party 7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Constitutional succession

(2º Vice President)

 Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
31   José Pardo y Barreda[60] Civilista Party 24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle

2º Vacant

32   Augusto Leguía[60] Civilista Party 24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue

2º Belisario Sosa

33   Guillermo Billinghurst[60] Democratic Party 24 September 1912 4 February 1914 1 year, 133 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Roberto Leguía

2º Miguel Echenique

19.5   Óscar Benavides[60] Military 4 February 1914 15 May 1914 1 year, 195 days Coup d'état[61] President of the Governing Board of Peru None
15 May 1914 18 August 1915 Appointed by Congress[62] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
34   José Pardo y Barreda[60] Civilista Party 18 August 1915 4 July 1919 3 years, 320 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Ricardo Bentín Sánchez

2.º Melitón Carvajal

35   Augusto Leguía[60] Reformist Democratic Party 4 July 1919 12 October 1919 11 years, 52 days Coup d'état Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic None
12 October 1919 12 October 1924 Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º César Canevaro (1919-1920)

2.º Agustín de la Torre González (1919-1920)

12 October 1924 12 October 1929 Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
12 October 1929 25 August 1930 Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
19.5   Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[63] Revolutionary Union 27 Aug 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Coup d'état President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru None
19.5   David Samanez Ocampo Democratic Party 11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Appointed by Congress President of the Transition Government Junta None
36   Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro[63] Revolutionary Union 8 December 1931 30 April 1933 (†) 1 year, 143 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic None
37   Óscar Benavides[64] Military 30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Appointed by Congress[65] Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Ernesto Montagne Markholz

2º Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez

38   Manuel Prado Ugarteche[66][67] Peruvian Democratic Movement 8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Rafael Larco Herrera

2º Carlos D. Gibson

39   José Luis Bustamante y Rivero[68] National Democratic Front 28 July 1945 29 October 1948 3 years, 93 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º José Gálvez Barrenechea

2º Eduardo Ganoza y Ganoza

40   Manuel Odría[69][70] Military 1 November 1948 1 June 1950 1 year, 212 days Coup d'état President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru None
28 July 1950 28 July 1956 6 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Héctor C. Boza Aizcorbe

2º Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi

41   Manuel Prado Ugarteche[71] Peruvian Democratic Movement 28 July 1956 18 July 1962 5 years, 355 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Luis Gallo Porras

2.º Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán

19.5   Ricardo Pérez Godoy[72] Military 18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Coup d'état President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru None
19.5   Nicolás Lindley López[73] Military 3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Succession

(De facto)

 President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru None
42   Fernando Belaúnde Terry[74] Popular Action 28 July 1963 3 October 1968 5 years, 67 days Election Constitutional President of the Peruvian Republic 1º Edgardo Seoane

2º Mario Polar Ugarteche

19.5   Juan Velasco Alvarado[75][76] Military 3 October 1968 30 August 1975 6 years, 331 days Coup d'état President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru None
19.5   Francisco Morales Bermúdez[77] Military 30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Coup d'état President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru None
43   Fernando Belaúnde Terry[78][79] Popular Action 28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Fernando Schwalb

2º Javier Alva Orlandini

44   Alan García[80] Peruvian Aprista Party 28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Luis Alberto Sánchez

2.º Luis Alva Castro

45   Alberto Fujimori[81][82] Change 90(1990-1998) /

Let's Go Neighbour (1998-2000)

 28 July 1990 5 April 1992 1 year, 252 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Máximo San Román

2.º Carlos García y García

22 April 1992 9 January 1993 8 years, 213 days Coup d'état President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru None
9 January 1993 28 July 1995 Ratified by Democratic Constituent Congress Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru None
28 July 1995 28 July 2000 Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Ricardo Márquez Flores

2º César Paredes Canto

28 July 2000 21 November 2000 Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Francisco Tudela

2º Ricardo Márquez Flores

46   Valentín Paniagua Popular Action 22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Constitutional succession

(President of Congress)

 Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru None
47   Alejandro Toledo Possible Peru 28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Raúl Díez Canseco Terry

2.º David Waisman

48   Alan García Peruvian Aprista Party 28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Luis Giampietri

2º Lourdes Mendoza del Solar

49   Ollanta Humala Peruvian Nationalist Party 28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years, 0 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Marisol Espinoza

2º Omar Chehade

50   Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Peruvians for Change 28 July 2016 23 March 2018 1 year, 238 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru   1º Martín Vizcarra

2º Mercedes Aráoz

51   Martín Vizcarra Independent 23 March 2018 9 November 2020 2 years, 231 days Constitutional succession

(1º Vice President)

 Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru   2º Mercedes Aráoz
52   Manuel Merino Popular Action 10 November 2020 15 November 2020 5 days Constitutional succession

(President of Congress)

 Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru None
53   Francisco Sagasti Purple Party 17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Constitutional succession

(President of Congress)

 Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru None
54   Pedro Castillo Free Peru 28 July 2021 7 December 2022 1 year, 132 days Election Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru 1º Dina Boluarte
55   Dina Boluarte Independent 7 December 2022 Incumbent 118 days Constitutional succession

(1º Vice President)

 Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru None

Timeline from 1980
Dina BoluartePedro CastilloFrancisco SagastiManuel MerinoMartín VizcarraPedro Pablo KuczynskiOllanta HumalaAlan GarcíaAlejandro ToledoValentín PaniaguaAlberto FujimoriAlan GarcíaFernando Belaúnde Terry

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[83]

President Term of office Title Form of entry Vice President
Start End
Máximo San Román 21 April 1992 6 January 1993[83] Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[84] Constitutional succession

(1º Vice President)

 Carlos García y García
Mercedes Araóz 30 September 2019 1 October 2019[85][86] Acting President[87] Constitutional succession

(2º Vice President)

 None

See also

Notes
  1. José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[6]

References
  1. Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  3. "Decreto del general José de San Martín asumiendo el mando supremo político y militar" (in Spanish). Peru: Congreso de la República. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  4. "Portal Institucional e Información sobre la Actividad Parlamentaria y Legislativa del Estado Peruano > Datos generales > Palacio legislativo > Conociendo el Palacio Legislativo". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  5. "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
  6. "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
  7. "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
  8. "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
  9. Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020. El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
  11. "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE EL LIBERTADOR SIMÓN BOLÍVAR ASUMA LA SUPREMA AUTORIDAD POLÍTICA Y MILITAR DE LA REPÚBLICA, QUEDANDO EN SUSPENSO LA DEL PRESIDENTE Y EN RECESO EL CONGRESO". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  12. "DECRETO ENCARGANDO LA AUTORIDAD SUPREMA AL GRAN MARISCAL ANDRÉS DE SANTA CRUZ, 1 DE SETIEMBRE DE 1826". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  13. "PROCLAMA DEL GENERAL SIMÓN BOLÍVAR AL DESPEDIRSE DEL PERÚ, 3 DE SETIEMBRE DE 18261". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  14. "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
  15. "Ley nombrándo Presidente de la República al Gral. Agustín Gamarra y Vicepresidente al general Antonio G. de La Fuente, 31 de agosto de 1829" (PDF).
  16. "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  17. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  18. "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
  19. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  20. "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
  21. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  23. "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
  24. "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. Castañeda Jiménez. "JUSTO MODESTO FIGUEROLA DE ESTRADA" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Sitio Web del Museo del Congreso y de la Inquisición. Retrieved 15 December 2020. Figuerola fue nombrado Primer Vicepresidente del Consejo de Estado, cuyo titular era Manuel Menéndez Gorozabel.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)". Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  30. "PROCLAMA DEL SUPREMO DIRECTOR, GENERAL MANUEL IGNACIO DE VIVANCO, A LOS HABITANTES DE LA CAPITAL, EL 8 DE ABRIL DE 1843". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  31. "DECRETO DECLARANDO NULOS LOS ACTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS DEL TITULADO SUPREMO DIRECTOR, 12 DE OCTUBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  32. "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  33. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  34. "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  35. "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
  36. "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
  37. "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  38. "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
  39. "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  40. "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
  41. "LEY QUE NOMBRA AL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 15 DE FEBRERO DE 1867". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  42. "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
  43. Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  44. "BANDO RECONOCIENDO LA AUTORIDAD DEL SEGUNDO VICEPRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL PEDRO DIEZ CANSECO, 7 DE ENERO DE 1868". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  45. "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
  46. "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  47. "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
  48. "Decreto 18 de diciembre de 1879. Asumiendo la Presidencia de la República el primer Vice-Presidente, Luis La Puerta" (PDF).
  49. "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  50. "LA ASAMBLEA NACIONAL NOMBRA A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA, AYACUCHO, 31 JULIO DE 1881". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  51. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  52. Cuya Vera, Ricardo (13 October 2017). "Francisco García Calderón Landa: Presidente del Perú". en Lima, los "vecinos notables" se reunieron el 12 de marzo de 1881 y eligieron a Francisco García Calderón como Presidente Provisional de la República.
  53. Ayllón Dulanto, Fernando. "FRANCISCO GARCÍA CALDERÓN LANDA" (PDF). El Congreso ratificó el nombramiento de García Calderón como Presidente Provisorio
  54. "MENSAJE DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DEL PERÚ, FRANCISCO GARCÌA CALDERÓN, AL CONGRESO DE CHORRILLOS, EL 10 DE JULIO DE 1881". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  55. "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  56. "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  57. "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
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  61. "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
  62. "RESOLUCIÓN LEGISLATIVA Nº 1958 ENCARGA LA PRESIDENCIA PROVISORIA DE LA REPÚBLICA AL CORONEL ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES". www.congreso.gob.pe.
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  65. "MENSAJE DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERÚ, GENERAL DE DIVISIÓN ÓSCAR R. BENAVIDES LARREA, ANTE EL CONGRESO NACIONAL, EL 30 DE ABRIL DE 1933". www.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
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  76. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  77. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
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  80. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  81. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 237. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  82. Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 249. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
  83. "¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com". www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  84. "MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  85. "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
  86. "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  87. "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
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