List of governors of Kentucky

The governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of government of Kentucky,[1] and serves as commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws;[3] the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Kentucky General Assembly;[4] the power to convene the legislature;[5] and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[6] The governor is also empowered to reorganize the state government or reduce it in size. Historically, the office has been regarded as one of the most powerful executive positions in the United States.[7]

Fifty-nine individuals have held the office of governor. Prior to a 1992 amendment to the state's constitution, the governor was prohibited from succeeding himself or herself in office, though four men (Isaac Shelby, John L. Helm, James B. McCreary and Happy Chandler) served multiple non-consecutive terms. Paul E. Patton, the first Kentucky governor eligible for a second consecutive term under the amendment, won his reelection bid in 1999. James Garrard succeeded himself in 1800, before the constitutional provision existed. Garrard is also the longest serving governor, serving for a total period of eight years and 90 days.

William Goebel, who was elected to the office in the disputed election of 1899, remains the only governor of any U.S. state to die from assassination while in office.[8] Goebel is also the shortest serving governor, serving for a period of only three days. Martha Layne Collins, who held the office from 1983 to 1987, was the first woman to serve as governor and was only the third woman to serve as governor of any U.S. state who was not the wife or widow of a previous governor.[7] The 63rd and current Kentucky governor is Democrat Andy Beshear, who took office on December 10, 2019.

Governors

Kentucky County, Virginia was admitted to the Union as Kentucky on June 1, 1792. There have been 59 governors, serving 63 distinct terms.

An unelected group proclaimed Kentucky's secession from the Union on November 20, 1861, and it was annexed by the Confederate States of America on December 10, 1861. The Confederate government elected two governors, but it never held much control over the state.

The original 1792 Kentucky Constitution had the governor chosen by an electoral college for a term of four years, commencing on the first day of June.[9] The second constitution in 1799 changed this to a popular vote, prevented governors from succeeding themselves within seven years of their terms, and moved the start date to the fourth Tuesday after the election.[10] The third constitution in 1850 reduced the succession limitation to four years, and moved the start date of the term to the fifth Tuesday after the election.[11] A 1992 amendment allowed governors to have a second term before being prevented from succeeding themselves for four years.[12] Originally, should the office of governor be vacant, the speaker of the Senate would exercise the powers of the office;[13] in 1799, the office of lieutenant governor was created to fill this role,[14] and, as of 1992, is elected on the same ticket as the governor.[15]

Governors of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
No.[lower-alpha 1] Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
1   Isaac Shelby
(1750–1826)
[18][19]		 June 4, 1792
–
June 1, 1796
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1792 Office did not exist
2 James Garrard
(1749–1822)
[20][21]		 June 1, 1796
–
September 5, 1804
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1796
1800   Alexander Scott Bullitt
3 Christopher Greenup
(1750–1818)
[22][23]		 September 5, 1804
–
September 1, 1808
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1804 John Caldwell
(died November 19, 1804)
Vacant
  Thomas Posey
(acting, elected Speaker in 1805)
4 Charles Scott
(1739–1813)
[24][25]		 September 1, 1808
–
August 24, 1812
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1808 Gabriel Slaughter
5 Isaac Shelby
(1750–1826)
[18][19]		 August 24, 1812
–
September 5, 1816
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1812 Richard Hickman
6 George Madison
(1763–1816)
[26][27]		 September 5, 1816
–
October 14, 1816
(died in office)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1816 Gabriel Slaughter
7 Gabriel Slaughter
(1767–1830)
[28][29]		 October 14, 1816
–
August 29, 1820
(did not run)		 Democratic-
Republican		 Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
8 John Adair
(1757–1830)
[30][31]		 August 29, 1820[lower-alpha 4]
–
August 24, 1824
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1820 William T. Barry
9 Joseph Desha
(1768–1842)
[33][34]		 August 24, 1824
–
August 26, 1828
(term-limited)		 Democratic-
Republican		 1824 Robert B. McAfee
10 Thomas Metcalfe
(1780–1855)
[35][36]		 August 26, 1828
–
September 4, 1832
(term-limited)		 National
Republican		 1828 John Breathitt[lower-alpha 5]
11 John Breathitt
(1786–1834)
[37][38]		 September 4, 1832
–
February 21, 1834
(died in office)		 Democratic 1832 James Turner Morehead[lower-alpha 6]
12 James Turner Morehead
(1797–1854)
[39][40]		 February 21, 1834
–
August 30, 1836
(did not run)		 National
Republican[lower-alpha 7]		 Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
13 James Clark
(1779–1839)
[41][42]		 August 30, 1836
–
August 27, 1839
(died in office)		 Whig 1836 Charles A. Wickliffe
14 Charles A. Wickliffe
(1788–1869)
[43][44]		 August 27, 1839
–
September 2, 1840
(did not run)		 Whig Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
15 Robert P. Letcher
(1788–1861)
[45][46]		 September 2, 1840
–
September 4, 1844
(term-limited)		 Whig 1840 Manlius Valerius Thomson
16 William Owsley
(1782–1862)
[47][48]		 September 4, 1844
–
September 6, 1848
(term-limited)		 Whig 1844 Archibald Dixon
17 John J. Crittenden
(1787–1863)
[49][50]		 September 6, 1848
–
July 31, 1850
(resigned)[lower-alpha 8]		 Whig 1848[lower-alpha 9] John L. Helm
18 John L. Helm
(1802–1867)
[51][52]		 July 31, 1850
–
September 2, 1851
(did not run)		 Whig Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
19 Lazarus W. Powell
(1812–1867)
[53][54]		 September 2, 1851
–
September 4, 1855
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1851 John Burton Thompson[lower-alpha 10]
20 Charles S. Morehead
(1802–1868)
[55][56]		 September 4, 1855
–
August 30, 1859
(term-limited)		 Know Nothing 1855 James Greene Hardy
21 Beriah Magoffin
(1815–1885)
[57][58]		 August 30, 1859
–
August 18, 1862
(resigned)[lower-alpha 11]		 Democratic 1859 Linn Boyd
(died December 17, 1859)
Vacant
22 James Fisher Robinson
(1800–1882)
[59][60]		 August 18, 1862
–
September 1, 1863
(did not run)		 Democratic Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
23 Thomas E. Bramlette
(1817–1875)
[61][62]		 September 1, 1863
–
September 3, 1867
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1863 Richard Taylor Jacob
24 John L. Helm
(1802–1867)
[51][52]		 September 3, 1867
–
September 8, 1867
(died in office)		 Democratic 1867 John W. Stevenson
25 John W. Stevenson
(1812–1886)
[63][64]		 September 8, 1867
–
February 3, 1871
(resigned)[lower-alpha 12]		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
1868
(special)
26 Preston Leslie
(1819–1907)
[65][66]		 February 3, 1871
–
August 31, 1875
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1871 John G. Carlisle
27 James B. McCreary
(1838–1918)
[67][68]		 August 31, 1875
–
September 2, 1879
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1875 John C. Underwood
28 Luke P. Blackburn
(1816–1887)
[69][70]		 September 2, 1879
–
September 5, 1883
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1879 James E. Cantrill
29 J. Proctor Knott
(1830–1911)
[71][72]		 September 5, 1883
–
August 30, 1887
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1883 James R. Hindman
30 Simon Bolivar Buckner
(1823–1914)
[73][74]		 August 30, 1887
–
September 2, 1891
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1887 James William Bryan
31 John Y. Brown
(1835–1904)
[75][76]		 September 2, 1891
–
December 10, 1895
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1891 Mitchell Cary Alford
32 William O'Connell Bradley
(1847–1914)
[77][78]		 December 10, 1895
–
December 12, 1899
(term-limited)		 Republican 1895 William Jackson Worthington
33 William S. Taylor
(1853–1928)
[79][80]		 December 12, 1899
–
January 31, 1900
(removed from office)[lower-alpha 13]		 Republican 1899 John Marshall
34 William Goebel
(1856–1900)
[81][82]		 January 31, 1900
–
February 3, 1900
(died in office)[lower-alpha 13]		 Democratic J. C. W. Beckham
35 J. C. W. Beckham
(1869–1940)
[83][84]		 February 3, 1900
–
December 10, 1907
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor[lower-alpha 13]		 Vacant
1900
(special)
1903 William P. Thorne
36 Augustus E. Willson
(1846–1931)
[85][86]		 December 10, 1907
–
December 12, 1911
(term-limited)		 Republican 1907 William Hopkinson Cox
37 James B. McCreary
(1838–1918)
[67][68]		 December 12, 1911
–
December 7, 1915
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1911 Edward J. McDermott
38 Augustus Owsley Stanley
(1867–1958)
[87][88]		 December 7, 1915
–
May 19, 1919
(resigned)[lower-alpha 14]		 Democratic 1915 James D. Black
39 James D. Black
(1849–1938)
[89][90]		 May 19, 1919
–
December 9, 1919
(lost election)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
40 Edwin P. Morrow
(1877–1935)
[91][92]		 December 9, 1919
–
December 11, 1923
(term-limited)		 Republican 1919 S. Thruston Ballard
41 William J. Fields
(1874–1954)
[93][94]		 December 11, 1923
–
December 13, 1927
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1923 Henry Denhardt
42 Flem D. Sampson
(1875–1967)
[95][96]		 December 13, 1927
–
December 8, 1931
(term-limited)		 Republican 1927 James Breathitt Jr.[lower-alpha 5]
43 Ruby Laffoon
(1869–1941)
[97][98]		 December 8, 1931
–
December 10, 1935
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1931 Happy Chandler
44 Happy Chandler
(1898–1991)
[99][100]		 December 10, 1935
–
October 9, 1939
(resigned)[lower-alpha 15]		 Democratic 1935 Keen Johnson
45 Keen Johnson
(1896–1970)
[101][102]		 October 9, 1939
–
December 7, 1943
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
1939 Rodes K. Myers
46 Simeon Willis
(1879–1965)
[103][104]		 December 7, 1943
–
December 9, 1947
(term-limited)		 Republican 1943 Kenneth H. Tuggle
47 Earle Clements
(1896–1985)
[105][106]		 December 9, 1947
–
November 27, 1950
(resigned)[lower-alpha 16]		 Democratic 1947 Lawrence Wetherby
48 Lawrence Wetherby
(1908–1994)
[107][108]		 November 27, 1950
–
December 13, 1955
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
1951 Emerson Beauchamp
49 Happy Chandler
(1898–1991)
[99][100]		 December 13, 1955
–
December 8, 1959
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1955 Harry Lee Waterfield
50 Bert Combs
(1911–1991)
[109][110]		 December 8, 1959
–
December 10, 1963
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1959 Wilson W. Wyatt
51 Ned Breathitt
(1924–2003)
[111][112]		 December 10, 1963
–
December 12, 1967
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1963 Harry Lee Waterfield
52 Louie Nunn
(1924–2004)
[113][114]		 December 12, 1967
–
December 7, 1971
(term-limited)		 Republican 1967 Wendell Ford[lower-alpha 5]
53 Wendell Ford
(1924–2015)
[115][116]		 December 7, 1971
–
December 28, 1974
(resigned)[lower-alpha 17]		 Democratic 1971 Julian Carroll
54 Julian Carroll
(b. 1931)
[117][118]		 December 28, 1974
–
December 11, 1979
(term-limited)		 Democratic Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor		 Vacant
1975 Thelma Stovall
55 John Y. Brown Jr.
(1933–2022)
[119]		 December 11, 1979
–
December 13, 1983
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1979 Martha Layne Collins
56 Martha Layne Collins
(b. 1936)
[120]		 December 13, 1983
–
December 8, 1987
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1983 Steve Beshear
57 Wallace Wilkinson
(1941–2002)
[121]		 December 8, 1987
–
December 10, 1991
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1987 Brereton Jones
58 Brereton C. Jones
(b. 1939)
[122]		 December 10, 1991
–
December 12, 1995
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1991 Paul E. Patton
59 Paul E. Patton
(b. 1937)
[123]		 December 12, 1995
–
December 9, 2003
(term-limited)		 Democratic 1995 Steve Henry
1999
60 Ernie Fletcher
(b. 1952)
[124]		 December 9, 2003
–
December 11, 2007
(lost election)		 Republican 2003 Steve Pence
61 Steve Beshear
(b. 1944)
[125]		 December 11, 2007
–
December 8, 2015
(term-limited)		 Democratic 2007 Daniel Mongiardo
2011 Jerry Abramson
(resigned November 13, 2014)
Crit Luallen
62 Matt Bevin
(b. 1967)
[126]		 December 8, 2015
–
December 10, 2019
(lost election)		 Republican 2015 Jenean Hampton
63 Andy Beshear
(b. 1977)
[127]		 December 10, 2019
–
Incumbent[lower-alpha 18]		 Democratic 2019 Jacqueline Coleman

Confederate governors
George W. Johnson, 1st Confederate Governor of Kentucky
Richard Hawes, 2nd Confederate Governor of Kentucky

During the Civil War, a group of secessionists met at Russellville to form a Confederate government for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. This government never successfully displaced the government in Frankfort, and Kentucky remained in the Union through the entire war. Two men were elected governor of the Confederate government: George W. Johnson, who served from November 20, 1861, to his death on April 8, 1862, at the Battle of Shiloh, and, on Johnson's death, Richard Hawes, who served until the Confederate surrender on April 9, 1865. The Confederate government disbanded shortly after the end of the war in 1865.[128]

See also

Notes
  1. The state labels Matt Bevin as the 62nd governor;[16] based on this, subsequent terms of repeat governors are numbered.
  2. The office of lieutenant governor was created in the 1799 constitution.[17]
  3. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. The constitutional start date for 1820 would appear to be August 29, which is the date Sobel gives for when Adair took office;[30] however, the National Governor's Association says Adair took office September 6,[31] and the best contemporary reporting found so far is a blurb saying he was inaugurated on September 7.[32]
  5. Represented the Democratic Party.
  6. Represented the National Republican Party.
  7. The National Republican Party rebranded as the Whig Party during Morehead's term.
  8. Crittenden resigned to be Attorney General of the United States.[49]
  9. The 1850 constitution shifted the election schedule forward, shortening this term by a year.
  10. Represented the Whig Party.
  11. Magoffin resigned due to disagreement with the state legislature over neutrality in the American Civil War.[57]
  12. Stevenson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[63]
  13. Taylor won the 1899 election and was sworn into office. However, the legislature challenged the validity of his win, claiming ballot fraud. His challenger, Goebel, was shot on January 30, 1900, but was named governor by the legislature and sworn in the next day; he died three days later. Since Lieutenant Governor Marshall's win had also been invalidated, Beckham, having been named lieutenant governor, succeeded Goebel.[79][81]
  14. Stanley resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[87]
  15. Chandler resigned so that his successor would appoint him to the United States Senate.[99]
  16. Clements resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[105]
  17. Ford resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate.[115]
  18. Beshear's first term will expire on December 12, 2023.

References
General
  • "Kentucky's Governors". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  • "Former Kentucky Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. II. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
Constitution
Specific
  1. KY Const. § 69.
  2. KY Const. § 75.
  3. KY Const. § 81
  4. KY Const. § 88.
  5. KY Const. § 80.
  6. KY Const. § 77.
  7. Kleber, John E., ed. (1992). "Governor, Office of". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0.
  8. Kleber, John E., ed. (1992). "Goebel Assassination". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0.
  9. 1799 Const. art. II, § 2–3
  10. 1799 Const. art. III, § 3–5
  11. 1850 Const. art. III, § 3–5
  12. KY Const. § 71
  13. 1792 Const. art. III, § 16–18
  14. 1799 Const. art. III, § 16–18
  15. KY Const. § 70
  16. "Governor Matt Bevin". Governor of Kentucky. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  17. 1799 Const. art. II, § 15
  18. Sobel pp. 507–508
  19. "Isaac Shelby". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  20. Sobel pp. 508–509
  21. "James Garrard". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  22. Sobel p. 509
  23. "Christopher Greenup". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  24. Sobel p. 510
  25. "Charles Scott". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  26. Sobel pp. 510–511
  27. "George Madison". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  28. Sobel pp. 511–512
  29. "Gabriel Slaughter". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  30. Sobel pp. 512–513
  31. "John Adair". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  32. "Adair elected". The Evening Post. 1820-09-13. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  33. Sobel pp. 513–514
  34. "Joseph Desha". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  35. Sobel p. 514
  36. "Thomas Metcalfe". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  37. Sobel p. 515
  38. "John Breathitt". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  39. Sobel pp. 515–516
  40. "James Turner Morehead". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  41. Sobel pp. 516–517
  42. "James Clark". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  43. Sobel pp. 517–518
  44. "Charles Anderson Wickliffe". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  45. Sobel p. 518
  46. "Robert Perkins Letcher". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  47. Sobel p. 519
  48. "William Owsley". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  49. Sobel pp. 519–520
  50. "John Jordan Crittenden". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  51. Sobel pp. 520–521
  52. "John Larue Helm". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  53. Sobel pp. 521–522
  54. "Lazarus Whitehead Powell". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  55. Sobel pp. 522–523
  56. "Charles Slaughter Morehead". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  57. Sobel pp. 523–524
  58. "Beriah Magoffin". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  59. Sobel pp. 524–525
  60. "James Fisher Robinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  61. Sobel pp. 525–526
  62. "Thomas Elliott Bramlette". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  63. Sobel pp. 526–527
  64. "John White Stevenson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  65. Sobel p. 527
  66. "Preston Hopkins Leslie". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  67. Sobel p. 528
  68. "James Bennett McCreary". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  69. Sobel p. 529
  70. "Luke Pryor Blackburn". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  71. Sobel pp. 529–530
  72. "James Proctor Knott". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  73. Sobel pp. 530–531
  74. "Simon Bolivar Buckner". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  75. Sobel pp. 531–532
  76. "John Young Brown Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  77. Sobel pp. 532–533
  78. "William O. Bradley". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  79. Sobel pp. 533–534
  80. "William Sylvester Taylor". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  81. Sobel p. 534
  82. "William Goebel". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  83. Sobel pp. 535–536
  84. "John Crepps Wickliffe Beckham". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  85. Sobel pp. 536–537
  86. "Augustus Everett Willson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  87. Sobel pp. 537–538
  88. "Augustus Owsley Stanley". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  89. Sobel p. 538
  90. "James Dixon Black". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  91. Sobel p. 539
  92. "Edwin Porch Morrow". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  93. Sobel pp. 539–540
  94. "William Jason Fields". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  95. Sobel pp. 540–541
  96. "Flem Davis Sampson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  97. Sobel pp. 541–542
  98. "Ruby Laffoon". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  99. Sobel pp. 542–543
  100. "Albert Benjamin Chandler". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  101. Sobel pp. 543–544
  102. "Keen Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  103. Sobel pp. 544–545
  104. "Simeon Slavens Willis". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  105. Sobel pp. 545–546
  106. "Earle Chester Clements". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  107. Sobel pp. 546–547
  108. "Lawrence Winchester Wetherby". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  109. Sobel pp. 547–548
  110. "Bert Thomas Combs". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  111. Sobel p. 548
  112. "Edward Thompson Breathitt". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  113. Sobel pp. 549–550
  114. "Louie Broady Nunn". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  115. Sobel p. 550
  116. "Wendell Hampton Ford". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  117. Sobel p. 551
  118. "Julian Morton Carroll". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  119. "John Y. Brown Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  120. "Martha Layne Collins". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  121. "Wallace G. Wilkinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  122. "Brereton C. Jones". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  123. "Paul E. Patton". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  124. "Ernie Fletcher". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  125. "Steven L. Beshear". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  126. "Matt Bevin". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  127. "Andy Beshear". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  128. Kleber, John E., ed. (1992). "Confederate Government". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0.
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