List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language. (Some of the Biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic.) The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Codex Leningradensis).[1]

Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time, because of the fragility of media, wars, (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temples), and other intentional destructions.[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in 2 volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the Continent.[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). In the old synagogue in Cairo were discovered 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.[5][6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before the year 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.[7]

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.[4]

Codex Leningradensis is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.[8]

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd-10th century)
  • Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature[9]
  • Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

(missing first 10 pages of Genesis)

Later (11th-17th century)
  • Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
  • Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
  • Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155-1255, University of Bologna Library
  • Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century[18]
  • Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th-12th centuries
  • Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)[19]
  • Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
  • Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300-1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.[20]
  • Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.[21] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.[22]
  • Rashba Bible, completed in 1383[23]
  • Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
  • Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
  • Al-Ousta Codex, 14th-century. Now at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
  • Merwas Bible (14th-century)[24]
  • Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
  • Lisbon Bible, created in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal[25]
  • Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
  • MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
  • Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
  • Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Modern discoveries
  • Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period
  • Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE
  • Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE

Dead Sea Scrolls
See also: List of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.[26]

Qumran Cave 1
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 1

1QIsaaGreat Isaiah Scroll Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 Hebrew 356–103 BCE/150–100 BCEContains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns[27][28]
1QIsabIsaiah cf. 1Q8The Book of Isaiah Hebrew Hasmonean/HerodianA second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah[29][30]
1QS Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" Hebrew cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11 [31]
1QpHabPesher on Habakkuk Habakkuk 1–2 HebrewLater half of the 1st century BC Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20[32][33]
1QMMilhamah or War Scroll Hebrew cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?
1QHaHodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns Hebrew Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f [34]
1QapGenGenesis Apocryphon Genesis 12:18–15:4 Aramaic 25 BCE–50 CE[35]
CTLeviCairo Geniza or Testament of Levi Aramaic
1QGenGenesis 1Q1Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24Hebrew Herodian [36][37]
1QExodExodus 1Q2Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [36][38]
1QpaleoLevLeviticus – Numbers 1Q3Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script [36][39]
1QDeuta Deuteronomy 1Q4Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [36][40][41]
1QDeutb 1Q5Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [36][40][42]
1QJudgJudges 1Q6Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [36][43]
1QSamSamuel 1Q72 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [36][44]
1QIsabIsaiah Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24Hebrew Herodian [29][36]
1QEzekEzekiel Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[36][45]
1QPsa Psalms 1Q10Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[36][46]
1QPsb 1Q11Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[36][47]
1QPsc 1Q12Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25Hebrew Herodian[36][48]
1QPhylPhylactery 1Q13Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman58 fragments from a Phylactery[40][49][50]
1QpMicPesher on Micah 1Q14Hebrew Herodian[49][51]
1QpZephPesher on Zephaniah 1Q15Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [49][52]
1QpPsPesher on Psalms 1Q16Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[49][53]
1QJuba Jubilees 1Q17Hebrew Hellenistic-RomanJubilees[49][54]
1QJubb 1Q18Hebrew HasmoneanJubilees[49][55]
1QNoahBook of Noah 1Q19Hebrew HerodianParts of the lost Book of Noah[49][56]
1QapGenFragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" 1Q20Aramaic Herodian[57][58]
1QTLevi / 1QALDTestament of Levi 1Q21Aramaic HasmoneanAramaic Levi Document[59][60]
1QDM"Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" 1Q22Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[59][61]
1QEnGiantsaBook of Giants 1Q23Aramaic HasmoneanEnoch[62][63]
1QEnGiantsbBook of Giants 1Q24Aramaic Hellenistic-RomanEnoch[62][64]
1Q Apocr.Prophecy"Apocryphal Prophecy" 1Q25 Hebrew Herodian[65][66]
1Q Instruction"Instruction" 1Q26Hebrew Hasmonean[65][67]
1QMyst"The Book of Mysteries" 1Q27Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[65][68]
1QS or 1QSa"Rule of the Congregation" 1Q28 (1Q28a)Hebrew Hasmonean Fragment from "Community Rule"[65][69]
1QSb"Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" 1Q28bHebrew Hasmonean [65][70]
1QapocrMoses BApocryphon of Moses 1Q29Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman"Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire"[65][71]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) A"Liturgical Text 1" 1Q30Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [65][72]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) B"Liturgical Text 2" 1Q31Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [65][73]
1QNJ(?)"New Jerusalem" 1Q32 Aramaic Herodiancf. 11Q18 [74][75]
1QMFragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" 1Q33Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8 Hebrew 30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

 [40][74]
1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr"Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" 1Q34Hebrew Herodian [74][76]
1QHb"Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" 1Q35Hebrew Herodian [74][77]
1Q Hymns"Hymns" 1Q36Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [74][78]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)"Hymnic Composition" 1Q37Hebrew Herodian [74][79]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)"Hymnic Composition" 1Q38Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [74][80]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)"Hymnic Composition" 1Q39Hebrew Herodian [74][81]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)"Hymnic Composition" 1Q40Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [74][82]
1Q41–70 1Q41–70Hebrew Unclassified Fragments[83]
1QDana Daniel 1Q71Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman[84]
1QDanb 1Q72Daniel 3:22–30Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman[85]

Qumran Cave 2
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 2

2QGenGenesis 2Q1Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37 Hebrew Herodian [86][87]
2QExoda Exodus 2Q2Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34 [86][88]
2QExodb 2Q3Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10 [86][89]
2QExodc 2Q4Exodus 5:3–5 Hellenistic-Roman [86][90]
2QpaleoLevLeviticus 2Q5Leviticus 11:22-29 Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script [86][91]
2QNuma Numbers 2Q6Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3 Hebrew Herodian [86][92]
2QNumb 2Q7Numbers 33:47–53 [86][93]
2QNumc 2Q8Numbers 7:88 [86][94]
2QNumd? 2Q9Numbers 18:8–9 Hellenistic-Roman This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3 [86][95]
2QDeuta Deuteronomy 2Q10 Deuteronomy 1:7–9Hebrew 50–25 BCE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

 [86][40]
2QDeutb 2Q11Deuteronomy 17:12–15Hebrew 30 BCE – 68 CE

Herodian

 [86][40]
2QDeutc 2Q12Deuteronomy 10:8–12Hebrew 1–68 CE

Late Herodian

 [86][40]
2QJerJeremiah 2Q13Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10 Hebrew Herodian Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42 [96][97]
2QPsPsalms 2Q14Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11 [96][98]
2QJobJob 2Q15Job 33:28–30 [96][99]
2QRutha Ruth 2Q16Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4 Hebrew Herodian [96][100]
2QRuthb 2Q17Ruth 3:13–18 Hasmonean [96][101]
2QSir"Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus" 2Q18 Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31 Hebrew Herodian Ben Sira [96][102]
2QJubaBook of Jubilees 2Q19Genesis 25:7–9 Hebrew Herodian Jub 23:7–8 [96][103]
2QJubbBook of Jubilees 2Q20Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order) Jub 46:1–3 [104]
2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?)"Apocryphon of Moses" 2Q21 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal writing about Moses [96][105]
2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid"Apocryphon of David" 2Q22Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal writing about David [106][107]
2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy"Apocryphal Prophecy" 2Q23Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments. [108][109]
2QNJ"New Jerusalem" 2Q24 Aramaic Herodian Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar [108][110]
2Q Juridical Text"Juridical Text" 2Q25Hebrew Herodian A juridical text [108][111]
2QEnGiants"Book of Giants" from "Enoch" 2Q26 Aramaic Herodian Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8[112]
2Q27

2Q28 2Q29

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

 2Q27

2Q28 2Q29

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

 Unidentified Texts [83][108]
2QX1 2QX1 Debris in a box [108]

Qumran Cave 3
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 3

3QEzekEzekiel 3Q1Ezekiel 16:31–33Hebrew Herodian [108][113]
3QPsPsalms 3Q2Psalm 2:6–7 Hebrew [114][115]
3QLamLamentations 3Q3Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62Hebrew [114][116]
3QpIsaPesher on Isaiah 3Q4Isaiah 1:1 Hebrew Herodian [114][117]
3QJubJubilees 3Q5Hebrew HerodianJubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23 [114][118]
3QHymnUnidentified Hymn 3Q6Hebrew HerodianHymn of Praise [114][119]
3QTJud(?)Testament of Judah(?) 3Q7Hebrew Herodiancf. 4Q484, 4Q538 [114][120]
3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace 3Q8Hebrew HerodianText about an Angel of Peace [114][121]
3QSectarian text 3Q9 Hebrew HerodianPossible unidentified Sectarian text [114][122]
3QUncUnidentified 3Q10

3Q11

 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unclassified fragments [114]
3QUncA-BUnclassified fragments 3Q12

3Q13

 Aramaic Hellenistic-RomanUnclassified fragments [123]
3QUncCUnidentified 3Q14 Hebrew? Hellenistic-Roman21 unclassified fragments [124][125]
3QCopScrThe Copper Scroll 3Q15Hebrew RomanCopper plaque mentioning buried treasures [124][126]

Qumran Cave 4

Qumran Cave 5
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 5

5QDeut Deuteronomy 5Q1Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2 Hebrew Early Hellenistic[40][357][358]
5QKgsKings 5Q21 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37 Hebrew Hasmonean[359][360]
5QIsaIsaiah 5Q3Isaiah 40:16,18–19 Hebrew Herodian[359][361]
5QAmosAmos 5Q4Amos 1:2–5 Hebrew [359]
5QPsPsalms 5Q5Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42 Hebrew Herodian[359][362]
5QLama Lamentations 5Q6Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17 Hebrew Herodian[359][363]
5QLamb 5Q7Lamentations 4:17–20 Hebrew Herodian[359][364]
5QPhyl Phylactery 5Q8Hebrew Hellenistic-RomanPhylactery in its unopened case [359][365]
5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms Toponyms 5Q9Hebrew HerodianSeven fragments with names of places [359][366]
5QapocrMal Apocryphon of Malachi 5Q10Hebrew Hellenistic-RomanApocryphon of Malachi [359][367]
5QS Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad) 5Q11 Hebrew Herodian[359][368]
5QD Damascus Document 5Q12Hebrew HerodianDamascus Document [359][369]
5QRule or 5QRégle Rule of Community 5Q13 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Fragments related to 1QS [370][371]
5QCurses Curses 5Q14 Hebrew Herodian Liturgical compositions with curses [370][372]
5QNJ New Jerusalem Scroll 5Q15 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman Description of the New Jerusalem [370][373]
5QUnid Unidentified 5Q16–5Q24 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unidentified fragments [370]
5QUnc Unclassified 5Q25 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unclassified fragments [370][374]

Qumran Cave 6
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 6

6QpaleoGen Genesis 6Q1Genesis 6:13–21Hebrew Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script[375][376]
6QpaleoLev Leviticus 6Q2Leviticus 8:12–13 Hebrew Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script[375][377]
pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?) Deuteronomy 6Q3Deuteronomy 26:19 Hebrew Hellenistic-RomanA few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus[375][40][378]
6QpapKgs Kings 6Q41 Kings 3:12–14; 12:28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21 Hebrew HasmoneanMade up of 94 Fragments.[375][379]
pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?) Psalms 6Q5Psalm 78:36–37 Hebrew Herodian[380][381]
6QCant Song of Songs 6Q6Song of Songs 1:1–7 Hebrew Herodian[380][382]
6QpapDan Daniel 6Q7Daniel 8:20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17 Hebrew Herodian13 papyrus fragments.[380][383]
6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants Book of Giants from Enoch 6Q8 AramaicHerodianPart of the "Book of Giants" [380][384]
6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs Apocryphon on Samuel–Kings 6Q9 HebrewHasmoneanSamuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus. [380][385]
6QpapaProph or pap6QProph Unidentified prophetic fragment 6Q10Hebrew HasmoneanProphetic text. Written in papyrus [380][386]
6QAllegory Allegory of the Vine 6Q11 Hebrew HerodianFragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine [380][387]
6QapProph An apocryphal prophecy 6Q12 Herodian [380][388]
6QPriestProph Priestly Prophecy 6Q13 HerodianA priestly prophecy [380][389]
6Q Apocalypse Apocalyptic text 6Q14 Aramaic Herodian Two fragments with apocalyptic text [380][390]
6QD Damascus Document 6Q15 Hebrew Herodian Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1 [380][391]
6QpapBened or pap6QBen papBenediction 6Q16 Herodian Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus [392][393]
6QCalDoc Calendrical Document 6Q17 Herodian Calendric fragment [392][394]
pap6QHymn Hymn 6Q18 Herodian Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM [392][395]
6Q Text Related to Genesis Genesis 6Q19 Possibly from Genesis Aramaic Herodian Related to Genesis 10:6,20 [392][396]
6QDeut(?) Deuteronomy 6Q20 Possibly from Deuteronomy Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Related to Deuteronomy 11:10 [392][397]
6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text Possibly prophetic text 6Q21 Hebrew Herodian Prophetic fragment containing 5 words. [392][398]
pap6QUnidA Unclassified fragments 6Q22 Hebrew Herodian [392][399]
pap6QUnidA ar Unclassified fragments 6Q23 Aramaic Herodian Related to "Words of the Book of Michael" [392][400]
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q24 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [392][401]
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q25 Aramaic Herodian [392][402]
6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract Accounts or contracts 6Q26 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman [392][403]
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q27–6Q28 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [392]
6QpapProv Proverbs 6Q30 Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b Hebrew Roman Single six-line fragment [392][404]
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q31 Aramaic Herodian [392][405]

Qumran Cave 7
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 7

7QpapLXXExod Exodus 7Q1Exodus 28:4–7Greek Hasmonean Greek fragment of Exodus[406]
7QpapEpJer Letter of Jeremiah 7Q2Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44Greek Hasmonean Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus.[407]
7Q3 Unidentified 7Q3 Greek Herodian Unknown biblical text [408]
7Q4 Unidentified 7Q4 Greek Hasmonean Unknown biblical text [409]
7Q5 Unidentified 7Q5 Greek Herodian Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53 [410]
7Q6–18 Unidentified 7Q6–18 Greek Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus [83]
7Q papImprint Unidentified 7Q19 Greek Herodian Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus [411]

Qumran Cave 8
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 8

8QGen Genesis 8Q1 Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25 Hebrew Herodian [83]
8QPs Psalms 8Q2 Psalm 17:5–9, 14; 18:5–12 Hebrew Herodian [83]
8QPhylPhylacteries 8Q3Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11

Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12

 Hebrew 1–100 CE

Herodian

 Fragments from a "Phylactery"[40]
8QMezMezuzah 8Q4Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21Hebrew 30 BCE–68 CE

Herodian

 [40]
8QHymn Unidentified hymn 8Q5 Hebrew Herodian Non-biblical composition. [83]

Qumran Cave 11
Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 11

11QpaleoLeva Paleo-Leviticusa 11Q1 Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19 Hebrew Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script [83]
11QLevb Leviticusb 11Q2 Leviticus Hebrew Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script [83]
11QDeutDeuteronomy 11Q3Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30Hebrew 50 CE

Late Herodian

 [40]
11QEzek Ezekiel 11Q4 Ezekiel Hebrew Herodian [412][413]
11QPs The Great Psalms Scroll 11Q5 Psalms Hebrew Herodian A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions. [83]
11QPsa Psalms 11Q5 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QPsb 11Q6 Psalm 77:18–21; 78:1; 109:3–4; 118:1; 118:15–16; 119:163–165; 133:1–3; 141:10; 144:1–2 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QPsc 11Q7 Psalm 2:1–8; 9:3–7; 12:5–9; 13:1–6; 14:1–6; 17:9–15; 18:1–12; 19:4–8; 25:2–7 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QPsd 11Q8 Psalm 6:2–4; 9:3–6; 18:26–29; 18:39–42; 36:13; 37:1–4; 39:13–14; 40:1; 43:1–3; 45:6–8; 59:5–8; 68:1–5; 68:14–18; 78:5–12; 81:4–9; 86:11–14; 115:16–18; 116:1 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QPse 11Q9 Psalm 50:3–7 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QtgJob Targum Job 11Q10 Job Aramaic Herodian A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably. [83]
11QapocrPs Apocryphal Psalms 11Q11 Psalm 91 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91 [83]
11QJub Jubilees 11Q12 Hebrew Herodian Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29 [83]
11QMelchMelchizedek 11Q13Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8–9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9Hebrew 50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

 Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek"[83][40]
11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War") 11Q14 Hebrew Herodian An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation." [83]
11QHymnsaHymns 11Q15Hebrew Herodian[83]
11QHymnsb 11Q16 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QShirShabb Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice 11Q17 Hebrew Herodian Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service. [83]
11QNJ New Jerusalem 11Q18 Aramaic Herodian Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation) [83]
11QTa Temple Scroll 11Q19 Hebrew Herodian Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws. [83]
11QTb Temple Scroll 11Q20 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11QTc 11Q21 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q22 Hebrew Hasmonean Unidentified fragments. [83]
11Q23 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [83]
11Q24 Aramaic Hasmonean [83]
11Q25 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11Q26 Hebrew Herodian [83]
11Q27 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [83]
11Q28 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman [83]
11Q29 Serekh ha-Yahad related
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q30 Hebrew Herodian Unidentified fragments. [83]
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q31 Unidentified fragment [414]
11Q9999 Unidentified Hellenistic-Roman [83]

See also

Notes
    1. In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.

    References
    1. H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
    2. Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
    3. Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
    4. Old Testament manuscripts
    5. Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo
    6. David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible (2006)
    7. Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
    8. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy, 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
    9. Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5.
    10. "Piecing Together the Past | the Israel Museum, Jerusalem".
    11. Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24–61.
    12. British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
    13. Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445.
    14. "Digitised Manuscripts".
    15. Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records". The Bible | The Guardian. Retrieved February 18, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    16. Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
    17. Damascus Pentateuch
    18. Vat. ebr. 448
    19. "Pentateuch, Codex Hilleli, Bible. Pentateuch. Hebrew. 1241 | Jewish Theological Seminary".
    20. "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    21. The Farhi Bible
    22. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 141. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
    23. Rashba Bible, Info from Sotheby
    24. Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 57 (2): 143–144. doi:10.2307/1453413. JSTOR 1453413.
    25. The Lisbon Bible - 1483
    26. Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls,
    27. The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
    28. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
    29. 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    30. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
    31. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
    32. Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
    33. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
    34. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
    35. Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
    36. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
    37. 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    38. 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    39. 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    40. OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
    41. 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    42. 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    43. 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    44. 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    45. 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    46. 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    47. 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    48. 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    49. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
    50. 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    51. 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    52. 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    53. 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    54. 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    55. 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    56. 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    57. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
    58. 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    59. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
    60. 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    61. 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    62. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
    63. 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    64. 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    65. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
    66. 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    67. 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    68. 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    69. 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    70. 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    71. 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    72. 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    73. 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    74. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
    75. 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    76. 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    77. 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    78. 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    79. 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    80. 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    81. 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    82. 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    83. "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
    84. 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    85. 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    86. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
    87. 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    88. 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    89. 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    90. 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    91. 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    92. 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    93. 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    94. 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    95. 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    96. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
    97. 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    98. 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    99. 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    100. 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    101. 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    102. 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    103. 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    104. 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    105. 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    106. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
    107. 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    108. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
    109. 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    110. 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    111. 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    112. 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    113. 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
    114. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
    115. 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
    116. 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
    117. 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
    118. 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
    119. 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
    120. 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
    121. 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
    122. 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
    123. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
    124. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
    125. 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
    126. 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
    127. 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    128. 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    129. 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    130. 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    131. 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    132. 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    133. 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    134. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
    135. 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    136. 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    137. 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    138. 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    139. 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    140. 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    141. 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    142. 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    143. 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    144. 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    145. 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    146. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
    147. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
    148. 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    149. 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    150. 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    151. 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    152. 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    153. 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    154. 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    155. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
    156. 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    157. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
    158. 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    159. 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    160. 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    161. 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    162. 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    163. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
    164. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
    165. 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
    166. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
    167. 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    168. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
    169. 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    170. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
    171. 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    172. 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    173. 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    174. 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    175. 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    176. 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    177. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
    178. 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    179. 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    180. 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    181. 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    182. 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    183. 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    184. 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    185. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
    186. 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    187. 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    188. 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    189. 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    190. 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    191. 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    192. 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    193. 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    194. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
    195. Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
    196. Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
    197. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
    198. 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    199. 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    200. Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
    201. 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    202. 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    203. 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    204. 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    205. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
    206. 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    207. 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    208. 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    209. 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    210. 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    211. 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    212. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
    213. 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    214. Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
    215. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
    216. 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    217. 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    218. 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    219. 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    220. 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    221. 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    222. 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    223. 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    224. 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    225. 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    226. 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    227. 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    228. 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    229. 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    230. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
    231. 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    232. 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    233. 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    234. 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    235. 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    236. 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    237. 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    238. 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    239. 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    240. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
    241. 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    242. 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    243. 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    244. 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    245. 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    246. 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    247. 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    248. 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    249. 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    250. 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    251. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
    252. 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    253. 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    254. 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    255. 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    256. 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    257. Tov, Emanuel (2008). "23". The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert. Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and studies in ancient Judaism, ISSN 0721-8753. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
    258. 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    259. 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    260. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
    261. 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    262. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
    263. 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    264. 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    265. 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    266. 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    267. 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    268. 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    269. 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    270. 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    271. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
    272. 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    273. 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    274. 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    275. 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    276. 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    277. 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    278. 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    279. 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    280. 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    281. 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    282. 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    283. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
    284. 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    285. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
    286. 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    287. 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    288. 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    289. 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    290. 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    291. 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    292. Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
    293. 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    294. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
    295. 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    296. Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
    297. 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    298. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
    299. 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    300. 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    301. 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    302. 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    303. "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
    304. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
    305. 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    306. 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    307. 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    308. 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    309. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
    310. 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    311. 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    312. 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    313. 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    314. 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    315. 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    316. 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    317. 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    318. 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    319. 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    320. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
    321. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
    322. 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    323. Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
    324. 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    325. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
    326. 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    327. 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    328. 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    329. 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    330. 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    331. 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    332. 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    333. 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    334. 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    335. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
    336. 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    337. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
    338. 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    339. 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    340. 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    341. 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    342. 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    343. 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    344. 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    345. 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    346. 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    347. 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    348. 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    349. Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
    350. 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    351. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
    352. 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    353. 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    354. 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    355. 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    356. "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
    357. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
    358. 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    359. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
    360. 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    361. 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    362. 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    363. 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    364. 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    365. 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    366. 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    367. 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    368. 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    369. 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    370. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
    371. 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    372. 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    373. 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    374. 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    375. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
    376. 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    377. 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    378. 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    379. 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    380. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
    381. 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    382. 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    383. 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    384. 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    385. 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    386. 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    387. 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    388. 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    389. 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    390. 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    391. 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    392. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
    393. 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    394. 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    395. 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    396. 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    397. 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    398. 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    399. 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    400. 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    401. 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    402. 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    403. 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    404. 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    405. 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    406. 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    407. 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    408. 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    409. 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    410. 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    411. 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    412. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
    413. 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    414. 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.

    Bibliography

    Further reading
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