Ghars al-Din Khalil

Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl Beg (Turkish: Garseddin Halil Bey) was the second ruler of the Turkoman Dulkadirid principality, ruling from 1353 to 1386.

Khalīl Beg
Beg of Dulkadir
Reign1353–1386
Coronation1355
PredecessorZayn al-Din Qaraja
SuccessorShaban Suli
Died1386
Burial
Zamantu Castle
IssueNasir al-Din Mehmed
Ala ad-Din Ali
Hamza
HouseDulkadir
FatherZayn al-Din Qaraja
ReligionIslam

Early life

During his father's rule, Khalīl actively took part in the campaigns, capturing Elbistan in the name of his father from the local Turkoman lord Ṭaraqlu Khalil bin Tarafī,[1] in 1335[2] or 1337.[3]

Rule

Khalil was not recognized as a legitimate ruler, when the Mamluks instead declared Ramadan Beg of the Ramadanids as the emir of the Turkomans. When it became clear that the Ramadanids could not consolidate their authority over the Bozok tribal confederation, the Mamluks finally recognized Khalīl as the second ruler of the Dulkadirids in 1355.[4]

During Khalīl's rule, the Dulkadirids considerably expanded their borders and increased diplomatic interactions with the Mamluks and Kadi Burhan al-Din, a former vizier to the Eretnids who usurped the rule. Khalīl's domain included Marash, Zamantu, Darende, Tephrike, Melitene, Harpoot, Besni, Amid, and Amuq. Khalīl's wish to become independent and increase his influence like his father exacerbated Mamluk-Dulkadirid relations.[5]

Assassination

The Mamluks commissioned a Turkoman leader, Yaghmuroghlu Sarim al-Din Ibrahim bin Umur, to kill Khalīl. From Aleppo, Ibrahim deployed his troops to the yaylak between Marash and Aintab, where Khalīl was residing and ambushed him. Khalīl's severed head was sent to Cairo, while his body was buried in the turbe of Malik Ghazi located below the Zamantu Castle. Khalīl was past his sixties when he died.[5]

Family

Khalīl had 2[6] or 3 sons: Mehmed, Ali, and Hamza (who might have been Ali's son instead). Ali became the governor of Elbistan, while Mehmed was the fifth ruler of the principality.[7] During their father's reign, Mehmed and Ali received land around Aleppo from Barquq, although it is unknown if this required duty or was merely honorific.[8]

References
  1. Kaya 2014, pp. 86–88.
  2. Sinclair 1987, pp. 518.
  3. Kaya 2014, pp. 88.
  4. Venzke 2017.
  5. Alıç 2020, pp. 86–87.
  6. Venzke 2000, pp. 467.
  7. von Zambaur 1927, pp. 159.
  8. Venzke 2000, pp. 412.

Bibliography
  • Alıç, Samet (2020). "The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks". The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute (in Turkish) (43): 83–94. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  • Merçil, Erdoğan (1991). Müslüman-Türk devletleri tarihi (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press.
  • Kaya, Abdullah (2014). "Dulkadirli Beyliği'nin Eratnalılar ile Münasebetleri". Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences (in Turkish). 11 (25): 81–97. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  • von Zambaur, Eduard Karl Max (1927). Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam avec 20 tableaux généalogiques hors texte et 5 cartes (in French). H. Lafaire. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  • Venzke, Margaret L. (2017). "Dulkadir". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Denis J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III. E. J. Brill.
  • Yinanç, Refet (1988). Dulkadir Beyliği (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press.
  • Venzke, Margaret L. (2000). "The Case of a Dulgadir-Mamluk Iqṭāʿ: A Re-Assessment of the Dulgadir Principality and Its Position within the Ottoman-Mamluk Rivalry". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 43 (3): 399–474. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  • Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1987). Eastern Turkey An Architectural and Archaeological Survey. Vol. II. Pindar Press.
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