Forging temperature

Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. The forging temperature of an alloy will lie between the temperatures of its component metals. For most metals, forging temperature will be approximately 70% of the melting temperature in kelvins.

Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]

Material Forging Temperature Melting point[lower-alpha 1]
Celsius Fahrenheit °C
Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content 1230[2] 2246 ~1425-1540
Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) 1150 2102 ~1400-1530
Stainless steel (Magnetic) 1095 2003 ~1400-1530
Nickel 1095 2003 1453
Titanium 955 1751 1660
Copper 900 1652 1083
Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) 815 1499 ~900-940
Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) 900 to 419.53 1652 to 787.154 ~950
Aluminium 300 - 480[4] 600 - 900 ~950
Zinc 419.53 787.154 420
Lead 327.46 621.428 327
Iron[5] 1371 2500 1535
Tin 231.93 449.474 232

See also

Notes
  1. The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture

References
  1. "Metals - Melting Temperatures". The Engineering ToolBox.
  2. "Forging of Carbon Steels". Metal Pass.
  3. Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). "Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear" (PDF). Materials Chemistry and Physics. 112 (3): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.044.
  4. 'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248
  5. "Forging Iron: A Tutorial". 18 October 2018.
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