Demography of London

The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The total population of London as of 2021 is 8,799,800.[6]

Demographics of London
Population pyramid of London in 2020
PopulationIncrease 8,799,800 (2021)
DensityIncrease 5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates)[1]
Growth rateIncrease 7.7% (2011 - 2021)[2]
Life expectancy
 • maleDecrease 80.3 (2018-2020)[3]
 • femaleSteady 84.3 (2018-2020)
Fertility rateDecrease 1.52 (2021)[4]
Infant mortality rateNeutral decrease 3.4 live deaths/1,000 live births (2018-2020)[5]
Nationality
NationalityBritish
Major ethnicDecrease White: 53.8% (2021)
Decrease White British: 36.8% (2021)
Minor ethnic
Increase Asian British: 20.8% (2021)
Increase Black British: 13.5% (2021)
Increase Mixed: 5.7% (2021)
Increase Other: 6.3% (2021)
Language
SpokenBritish English (main language: 78.4%)

History
See also: History of London

Creation of Greater London - 1965

Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established.

Migration boom - 1997 to today

From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off set the decline of the population which had been occurring. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.

In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now a minority of the city's population.[7]

Population
Population growth percentage in London between 2011 and 2021
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18011,011,157—    
18111,197,673+1.71%
18211,450,122+1.93%
18311,729,949+1.78%
18411,917,013+1.03%
18512,286,609+1.78%
18613,094,391+3.07%
18713,902,178+2.35%
18814,709,960+1.90%
18915,565,856+1.68%
19016,226,494+1.13%
19117,157,875+1.40%
19217,553,526+0.54%
19318,098,942+0.70%
19417,987,936−0.14%
19518,164,416+0.22%
19617,781,342−0.48%
19717,449,184−0.44%
19816,608,513−1.19%
19916,887,280+0.41%
20017,172,036+0.41%
20118,173,941+1.32%
2019[8]8,961,989+1.16%
See also: Historical population of London

The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows:

London population over time[9][10][11]
Year Inner London Outer London Greater London
1801 879,491 131,666 1,011,157
1811 1,040,033 157,640 1,197,673
1821 1,263,975 186,147 1,450,122
1831 1,515,557 214,392 1,729,949
1841 1,661,346 255,667 1,917,013
1851 1,995,846 290,763 2,286,609
1861 2,634,143 460,248 3,094,391
1871 3,272,441 629,737 3,902,178
1881 3,910,735 799,225 4,709,960
1891 4,422,340 1,143,516 5,565,856
1901 4,670,177 1,556,317 6,226,494
1911 4,997,741 2,160,134 7,157,875
1921 4,936,803 2,616,723 7,553,526
1931 4,887,932 3,211,010 8,098,942
1941 4,224,135 3,763,801 7,987,936
1951 3,680,821 4,483,595 8,164,416
1961 3,336,557 4,444,785 7,781,342
1971 3,030,490 4,418,694 7,449,184
1981 2,425,534 4,182,979 6,608,513
1991 2,625,245 4,262,035 6,887,280
2001 2,765,975 4,406,061 7,172,036
2011[12] 3,231,900 4,942,100 8,173,900
2021 3,404,300 5,395,500 8,799,800

Age
London population pyramid from 2001 to 2020
  • Population pyramid of each borough in London
  • Barking and Dagenham
    Barking and Dagenham
  • Bexley
    Bexley
  • Brent
    Brent
  • Bromley
    Bromley
  • Camden
    Camden
  • City of London
    City of London
  • Croydon
    Croydon
  • Ealing
    Ealing
  • Enfield
    Enfield
  • Hackney
    Hackney
  • Greenwich
    Greenwich
  • Harrow
    Harrow
  • Hammersmith and Fulham
    Hammersmith and Fulham
  • Haringey
    Haringey
  • Hillingdon
    Hillingdon
  • Havering
    Havering
  • Hounslow
    Hounslow
  • Islington
    Islington
  • Kensington and Chelsea
    Kensington and Chelsea
  • Kingston upon Thames
    Kingston upon Thames
  • Lambeth
    Lambeth
  • Lewisham
    Lewisham
  • Merton
    Merton
  • Newham
    Newham
  • Redbridge
    Redbridge
  • Richmond upon Thames
    Richmond upon Thames
  • Southwark
    Southwark
  • Sutton
    Sutton
  • Waltham Forest
    Waltham Forest
  • Tower Hamlets
    Tower Hamlets
  • Wandsworth
    Wandsworth
  • Westminster
    Westminster
  • Percentage of the population in age groups
  • Under 15s in London
    Under 15s in London
  • 15 to 64 year olds
    15 to 64 year olds
  • Over 64 years old
    Over 64 years old

Fertility
Fertility rate of each London borough in 2021

In 2021, a total of 110,961 live births occurred within the city.[13] The fertility rate of London in 2021 was 1.52, which is below replacement.[4]

  • Birth statistics in London
  • Teenage conception rate in London
    Teenage conception rate in London

Population density
Population density in the 2011 census in Greater London.

The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011.[14]

Urban and metropolitan area

At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251.[15] This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but does extend into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004 the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million.[16] Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of 8,920 square kilometres (3,440 sq mi). Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000.[17]

Ethnicity

For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin,[18] with small amounts of minority groups clustered in most notably East London. From 1948 onwards and especially since 1971, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate.[18] In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within the city, establishing it was a majority-minority city within the country.[7] In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.[19]

Ethnicity overall
London ethnic demographics over time
Ethnic makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021
Main article: Ethnic groups in London

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991 – 2021 censuses in Greater London.

Ethnic make-up of Greater London
Ethnic Group Year
1961 estimations[20] 1971 estimations[18][21] 1981 estimations[22] 1991[23] 2001[24] 2011[25] 2021[26]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 7,602,233 97.7% 6,901,596 92.6% 5,663,496 85.7% 5,333,58079.80%5,103,20371.15%4,887,43559.79% 4,731,172 53.8%
White: British[Note 1] – – 6,500,000 87% – – – – 4,287,86159.79%3,669,28444.89% 3,239,281 36.8%
White: Irish – – 401,596 5.4% – – 256,4703.83%220,4883.07%175,9742.15% 156, 333 1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2] – – – – – – ––8,1960.10% 7031 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – 37,689 0.4%
White: Other[Note 1] – – – – – – 594,8548.29%1,033,98112.65% 1,290,838 14.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – – – 690,03110.33%946,89413.20%1,511,54618.49% 1,817,640 20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – – – 347,0915.19%436,9936.09%542,8576.64% 656,272 7.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – 87,8161.31%142,7491.99%223,7972.74% 290,549 3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – 85,7381.28%153,8932.15%222,1272.72% 322,054 3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 3] – – – – – – 56,5790.84%80,2011.12%124,2501.52% 147,520 1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – – – 112,8071.68%133,0581.86%398,5154.88% 401,245 4.6%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – – – 535,2168.01%782,84910.92%1,088,64013.32% 1,188,370 13.5%
Black or Black British: African – – – – – – 163,6352.44%378,9335.28%573,9317.02% 697,054 7.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – – – 290,9684.35%343,5674.79%344,5974.22% 345,405 3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – – – 80,6131.20%60,3490.84%170,1122.08% 145,911 1.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total[Note 1] – – – – – – – – 226,1113.15%405,2794.96% 505,775 5.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – 70,9280.99%119,4251.46% 132,555 1.5%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – 34,1820.48%65,4790.80% 77,341 0.9%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – 59,9440.84%101,5001.24% 125,188 1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – 61,0570.85%118,8751.45% 170,691 1.9%
Other: Total – – – – – – 120,8721.81%113,0341.58%281,0413.44% 556,768 6.3%
Other: Arab[Note 2] – – – – – – – – – – 106,0201.30% 139,791 1.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – 113,0341.58%175,0212.14% 416,977 4.7%
Ethnic minority: Total 179,109 2.3% 547,588 7.4% 945,017 14.3% 1,346,119 20.2% 2,068,888 28.85% 3,286,506 40.2% 4,068,553 46.2%
Total 7,781,342 100% 7,449,184 100% 6,608,513 100% 6,679,699100.00%7,172,091100.00%8,173,941100.00% 8,799,725 100%
  1. New category created for the 2001 census
  2. New category created for the 2011 census
  3. In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.
Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London according to the 2011 (and 2021 when denoted) census.
  • White (2021)
    White (2021)
  • White-British (2021)
    White-British (2021)
  • White-Irish
    White-Irish
  • White-Other
    White-Other
  • Asian (2021)
    Asian (2021)
  • Asian-Indian
    Asian-Indian
  • Asian-Pakistani
    Asian-Pakistani
  • Asian-Bangladeshi
    Asian-Bangladeshi
  • Asian-Chinese
    Asian-Chinese
  • Black (2021)
    Black (2021)
  • Black-African
    Black-African
  • Black-Caribbean
    Black-Caribbean
  • Other-Arab
    Other-Arab
Population pyramid of London by ethnicity in 2021
  • Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London
  • White: Total
    White: Total
  • White British
    White British
  • White Irish
    White Irish
  • White Other
    White Other
  • Asian: Total
    Asian: Total
  • Asian Bangladeshi
    Asian Bangladeshi
  • Asian Indian
    Asian Indian
  • Asian Pakistani
    Asian Pakistani
  • Asian Chinese
    Asian Chinese
  • Other Asian
    Other Asian
  • Black: Total
    Black: Total
  • Black: Caribbean
    Black: Caribbean
  • Black: African
    Black: African
  • Other Black
    Other Black
  • Mixed: Total
    Mixed: Total
  • Other: Total
    Other: Total
  • Other: Any other ethnic group
    Other: Any other ethnic group
  • Other: Arabs
    Other: Arabs

Ethnicity of school pupils

Ethnicity of school pupils within London
Ethnic group School year[27][28]
2004 2008 2012 2015/16 2017/18 2019/20 2021/2022
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 467,230 51.4% 431,040 46.7% 416,490 42.8% 443,621 41.1% 522,187 40.4% 520,767 39.8% 506,271 38.7%
White: British 389,350 42.9% 339,610 36.8% 305,805 31.4% 295,572 27.4% 333,497 25.8% 324,358 24.8% 312,522 23.9%
White: Irish 10,610 1.2% 8,610 0.9% 7,610 0.8% 6,939 0.6% 7,322 0.6% 6,759 0.5% 6,268 0.5%
White: Traveller of Irish heritage 1,090 0.1% 920 0.1! 1,000 0.1% 1,031 0.1% 1,183 0.1% 1,205 0.1% 1,182 0.9%
White: Gypsy/Roma 780 0.09%% 950 0.1% 1,505 0.2% 1,643 0.2% 2,074 0.2% 2,359 0.2% 2,358 0.2%
White: Other 65,410 7.2% 80,950 8.8% 100,570 10.3% 138,436 12.8% 178,111 13.8% 186,086 14.2% 183,941 14.0%
Asian / Asian British: Total 159,370 17.5% 174,380 18.9% 198,280 20.4% 228,767 21.2% 283,443 22% 296,324 22.6% 305,069 23.2%
Asian / Asian British: Indian 57,990 6.4% 54,570 5.9% 54,490 5.6% 62,065 5.7% 78,700 6.1% 85,521 6.5% 89,639 6.8%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani 31,220 3.4% 34,680 3.8% 41,235 4.2% 47,931 4.4% 59,047 4.6% 60,415 4.6% 60,707 4.6%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi 38,880 4.2% 44,100 4.8% 51,300 5.3% 59,691 5.5% 73,994 5.7% 77,408 5.9% 79,954 6.1%
Asian / Asian British: Chinese 7,220 0.8% 6,970 0.8% 6,920 0.7% 7,883 0.7% 10,116 0.8% 10,475 0.8% 12,267 0.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians 24,060 2.6% 34,060 3.7% 44,335 4.6% 51,197 4.7% 61,586 4.8% 62,505 4.8% 62,502 4.8%
Black / Black British: Total 170,780 18.8% 188,750 20.5% 208,375 21.4% 226,215 20.9% 254,081 19.7% 244,988 18.7% 234,822 17.9%
Black: Caribbean 63,020 6.9% 59,750 6.5% 57,980 5.9% 55,414 5.1% 57,862 4.5% 53,733 4.1% 50,178 3.8%
Black: African 91,020 10% 110,090 11.92% 128,295 13.1% 145,447 13.5% 167,058 12.9% 162,680 12.4% 156,883 12.0%
Black: Other Blacks 16,740 1.8% 18,930 2.1% 22,100 2.3% 25,354 2.3% 29,161 2.3% 28,575 2.2% 27,761 2.1%
Mixed / British Mixed 57,720 6.4% 70,330 7.6% 84,615 8.7% 104,470 9.7% 134,226 10.4% 142,135 10.8% 150,285 11.3%
Other: Total 34,750 3.8% 44,290 4.8% 52,640 5.4% 60,865 5.6% 74,589 5.7% 77,413 5.9% 82,516 6.3%
Unclassified 18,760 2.1% 6,750 0.7% 13,470 1.4% 16,194 1.5% 22,232 1.7% 27,935 2.1% 30,359 2.3%
Total: 908,600 100% 922,890 100% 973,875 100% 1,080,132 100% 1,290,758 100% 1,309,562 100% 1,309,322 100%
  • School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year
  • White: Total
    White: Total
  • White: British
    White: British

Ethnicity of births

Ethnic Group Year[29]
2007 2010 2015 2019
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 58,024 46.4% 65,117 49.5% 61,716 47.8% 57,405 48.7%
Asian / Asian British: Total 21,701 17.3% 24,445 18.5% 26,957 20.9% 24,616 20.9%
Black / Black British: Total 22,036 17.6% 22,293 16.9% 18,526 14.3% 15,319 13%
Mixed / British Mixed 7,967 6.3% 9,424 7.1% 11,979 9.3% 12,041 10.2%
Other: Total 6,337 5% 5,831 4.4% 6,770 5.2% 6,494 5.5%
Not Stated 9,055 7.2% 4,391 3.3% 3,170 2.4% 1,880 1.5%
Total: 125,120 100% 131,501 100% 129,118 100% 117,755 100%
  • Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021
  • White (49.6%)
    White (49.6%)
  • White: British (24.9%)
    White: British (24.9%)
  • Asian (22.1%)
    Asian (22.1%)
  • Black (12.2%)
    Black (12.2%)
  • Mixed (11.3%)
    Mixed (11.3%)

Ethnicity in boroughs
Illustrated London Boroughs maps showing the percentage of broad multi-ethnic groups in each borough, according to the 2021 census
White
White (53.8%)
Asian
Asian (20.8%)
Black
Black (13.5%)
Mixed (5.7%)
Other (6.3%)

This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.

Broad multi-ethnic group make-up of London boroughs (2021)
Local authority White Mixed Asian Black Other
Barnet 57.75.419.37.99.8
Barking and Dagenham 44.94.325.921.43.6
Bexley 71.93.59.912.22.5
Brent 34.65.132.817.510
Bromley 76.55.48.37.62.3
Camden 59.56.618.19.06.8
City of London 69.45.516.82.75.6
Croydon 48.47.617.522.63.9
Ealing 43.25.230.310.810.6
Enfield 52.15.911.518.312.1
Greenwich 55.76.013.2214.2
Hackney 53.16.710.421.18.7
Haringey 5778.717.69.7
Harrow 36.53.845.27.37.2
Havering 75.33.710.78.22
Hammersmith and Fulham 63.26.710.512.37.3
Hillingdon 48.24.433.37.86.3
Hounslow 44.14.736.77.27.3
Islington 62.27.59.913.37.1
Kensington and Chelsea 63.76.611.97.99.9
Kingston upon Thames 68.35.417.82.85.7
Lambeth 558.17.3245.7
Lewisham 51.58.1926.84.7
Merton 60.25.918.610.64.6
Newham 30.84.742.217.54.9
Redbridge 34.84.147.38.45.4
Richmond upon Thames 80.55.58.91.93.3
Southwark 51.47.29.925.16.3
Sutton 68.34.817.55.93.4
Tower Hamlets 39.4544.47.33.9
Waltham Forest 52.86.519.9155.8
Wandsworth 67.86.311.710.14.1
Westminster 55.26.516.88.113.5
  • White multi-ethnic group over time
  • 1991 (79.8%)
    1991 (79.8%)
  • 2001 (71.2%)
    2001 (71.2%)
  • 2011 (59.8%)
    2011 (59.8%)
  • 2021 (53.8%)
    2021 (53.8%)
  • Asian multi-ethnic group overtime
  • 1991 (10.3%)
    1991 (10.3%)
  • 2001 (13.2%)
    2001 (13.2%)
  • 2011 (18.5%)
    2011 (18.5%)
  • 2021 (20.8%)
    2021 (20.8%)
  • Black multi-ethnic group over time
  • 1991 (8%)
    1991 (8%)
  • 2001 (10.9%)
    2001 (10.9%)
  • 2011 (13.3%)
    2011 (13.3%)
  • 2021 (13.5%)
    2021 (13.5%)

Country of birth
Foreign born within London over time from 1851 to 2021

The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 27.9% born in a non-European country).[30]

Country of Birth Year
1971[31][32] 1981[33][34] 1991[35] 2001[36] 2011[37] 2021[30]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Europe 6,568,348 90.76% 5,787,624 87.57% 5,639,192 84.4% 5,741,636 80% 6,174,371 75.5% 6,346,649 72.1%
United Kingdom 6,133,105 84.74% 5,405,576 81.79% 5,228,658 78.3% 5,231,701 72.9% 5,175,677 63.3% 5,223,986 59.3%
Republic of Ireland 236,396 3.26% 199,460 3.01% 214,033 157,556 129,807 – –
European Community or Other Europe 198,847 2.74% 182,588 2.76% 196,501 352,379 865,681 1,122,663 12.8%
Asia 161,777 2.23% 234,599 3.54% 435,819 6.5% 634,917 8.9% 966,990 11.8% 1,146,247 13%
India 104,001 1.43% 139,140 2.10% 151,619 – – 262,247 – –
Pakistan 29,395 0.40% 35,616 0.53% 44,741 – – 112,457 – –
Bangladesh – – 22,102 0.33% 56,657 – – 109,948 – –
Other Asia 28,381 0.39% 37,741 0.57% – – – – – – – –
Old Commonwealth 38,738 0.53% 37,064 0.56% 53,320 – – – – – –
Africa 74,660 1.03% 144,072 2.18% 246,025 454,536 621,613 625,071 7.1%
America/Caribbean (also classed under New Commmonwealth) 165,369 2.28% 167,399 2.53% 51,222 249,191 326,280 367,664 4.2%
Antarctica and Oceania (including Australasia) and Other – – – – – – 70,632 84,661 64,228 0.7%
British Overseas – – – – – – – – – – 5,994 –
Other: Total 227,829 3.14% 237,840 3.59% 1,119 21,179 26 – –
Total 7,236,721 100.00% 6,608,598 100.00% 6,679,699 100% 7,172,091 100% 8,173,941 100% 8,799,726 100%
  • Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images)
  • 1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
    1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
  • 1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
    1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
  • Foreign born in London over time
  • 1961 (9.8%)
    1961 (9.8%)
  • 1971 (15.3%)
    1971 (15.3%)
  • 1981 (18.2%)
    1981 (18.2%)
  • 1991 (21.7%)
    1991 (21.7%)
  • 2001 (27.1%)
    2001 (27.1%)
  • 2011 (36.7%)
    2011 (36.7%)
  • 2021 (40.7%)
    2021 (40.7%)
  • Born to foreign born mothers
  • 2007
    2007
  • 2014
    2014
  • 2021
    2021

Languages
Percentage of the population whose main language is English in London in 2021

According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%) speaking it as a second language or well to very well.[38] 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all.[38] 2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language.[39] This shows also great challenges for TfL and other government services, for example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish etc.

The most common main languages spoken in Greater London according to the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below.[40]

Languages spoken in London by usual residents aged 3+
2011 2021
Language Number Percentage Number Percentage
English 6,083,42077.90%6,650,97378.40%
Polish 147,8161.90%112,0681.30%
Bengali 114,2671.50%101,9751.20%
Gujarati 101,6761.30%82,6101.00%
French 84,1911.10%67,0490.80%
Urdu 78,6671.00%63,6260.80%
Portuguese 71,5250.90%94,2051.10%
Turkish 71,2420.90%69,6410.80%
Spanish 71,1920.90%117,4571.40%
Arabic 70,6020.90%72,1020.80%
Tamil 70,5650.90%70,6730.80%
Punjabi 68,5250.90%74,2050.90%
Somali 54,8520.70%37,3460.40%
Italian 49,4840.60%81,2931.00%
Romanian 39,6530.50%159,3381.90%
Persian 39,6450.50%39,2330.50%
Lithuanian 35,3410.50%30,7680.40%
German 31,3060.40%19,0740.20%
Greek 26,9240.30%36,0150.40%
Russian 26,6030.30%31,9060.40%
Other 441,9685.66%

Religion
Main article: Religion in London
Religious makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021

The following table shows the religion of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 censuses in Greater London.

Religious affiliation of Londoners
Religion 2001[41] 2011[42] 2021[43]
Number % Number % Number %
Christian 4,176,17558.23%3,957,98448.42%3,577,68140.66%
No religion 1,130,61615.76%1,694,37220.73%2,380,40427.05%
Muslim 607,0838.46%1,012,82312.39%1,318,75414.99%
Religion not stated 621,3668.66%692,7398.47%615,6627.00%
Hindu 291,9774.07%411,2915.03%453,0345.15%
Jewish 149,7892.09%148,6021.82%145,4661.65%
Sikh 104,2301.45%126,1341.54%144,5431.64%
Other religion 36,5580.51%47,9700.59%86,7590.99%
Buddhist 54,2970.76%82,0261.00%77,4250.88%
Total 7,172,091100.00%8,173,941100.00%8,799,728100.00%
Distribution of religions in Greater London according to the 2011 census.
  • Christianity
    Christianity
  • Islam
    Islam
  • Hinduism
    Hinduism
  • Judaism
    Judaism
  • Sikhism
    Sikhism
  • Buddhism
    Buddhism
  • Other religion
    Other religion
  • No religion
    No religion
Population pyramid of London by religion in 2021
  • Population pyramids of each religious group in London
  • Christian
    Christian
  • No religion
    No religion
  • None stated
    None stated
  • Muslim
    Muslim
  • Hindu
    Hindu
  • Buddhist
    Buddhist
  • Sikh
    Sikh
  • Jewish
    Jewish
  • Other religion
    Other religion

Social issues

Marriage and divorce

In 2019, a total of 29,139 marriages occurred within London.[44]

Abortion

In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in the city.[45]

  • Abortion in London
  • Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
    Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
  • Abortion rates by age group in London
    Abortion rates by age group in London

Health

In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people.[46] For males this was 9.9 and for females this was 3.4.[46]

  • Variety of health issues in graphs
  • Suicide rates in London
    Suicide rates in London
  • Drug misuse rate in London
    Drug misuse rate in London
  • Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
    Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
  • Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020
    Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020

Income and industry

The vast majority of people within London work in the service sector.[47]

  • Income and industry of London in images
  • Employment rate in London
    Employment rate in London
  • Unemployment rate in London
    Unemployment rate in London
  • Gross Domestic Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
    Gross Domestic Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
  • London's industry over time
    London's industry over time
  • Employment in public or private sector in London
    Employment in public or private sector in London

See also

References
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  18. Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul, "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1/desecularisation-city-london-churches-1980-present-david-goodhew-anthony-paul-cooper, retrieved 4 December 2022
  19. Benedictus, Leo (25 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  20. Lee, Trevor R. (30 June 2010). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. doi:10.1080/1369183x.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.
  21. Jones, P. N. (1978). "The Distribution and Diffusion of the Coloured Population in England and Wales, 1961-71". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 3 (4): 515–532. doi:10.2307/622127. ISSN 0020-2754.
  22. Peach, Ceri (1 July 1986). "A geographical perspective on the 1981 urban riots in England". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 9 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1080/01419870.1986.9993541. ISSN 0141-9870.
  23. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)
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  31. As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England > Greater London.
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  35. Data taken from 1991 census data query on NOMIS
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  40. "Download:local authorities: county / unitary". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  41. "2001 census – theme tables". Retrieved 5 September 2014.
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  43. "Religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  44. "Marriages in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  45. "Conceptions in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  46. "Suicides in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  47. "Five facts about... The UK service sector - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
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