Cañadón Asfalto Formation

Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Stratigraphic range: ; Middle Toarcian-Earliest Bathonian; ~
	Cañadón Asfalto Formation near Cerro Cóndor, Chubut, Argentina
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Sierra de Olte Group
Sub-units	Las Chacritas Member, Puesto Almada Member
Underlies	Cañadón Calcáreo Formation
Overlies	Lonco Trapial Formation
Thickness	600 m (2,000 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Limestone, shale, conglomerate, tuffite
Location
Coordinates	43.4°S 69.2°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	40.5°S 29.3°W
Region	Chubut Province,; Patagonia
Country	Argentina
Extent	Cañadón Asfalto Basin
	; Formation map and location, shaded horizontally

The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is a Lower Jurassic to Late Jurassic geologic formation, from the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era. Its age is controversial, uranium-lead dating of the volcanic tuff beds having given various different ages.[1] A Recent work suggested that the base of the formation was formed around 171 Ma, during the upper Aalenian, while the main age for the Lower Las Chacritas Member being around 168 Ma, during the Bajocian, Bathonian and Callovian While the overlying Puesto Almada Member seems to be around 158 ma, or Oxfordian age,[2] that changed thanks to the discovery of zircons near the location of discovery of Bagualia, allowing a precise age of Las Charcitas Member as Middle-Late Toarcian, 178-179 million years,[3] and a later study constrained the age of the formation as Middle Toarcian-Lower Bajocian, being contemporaneous to the Chon Aike volcanic activity, being a local equivalent to Antarctica's Mawson Formation.[4]

It is located in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, a rift basin in Chubut Province of northwestern Patagonia, in southern Argentina.[5] The basin started forming in the earliest Jurassic.[6]

It is composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits, typically sandstones and shales with a saline paleolake carbonate evaporitic sequence of limestone in its lowest Las Chacritas Member.[5][7] Interbedded with these are volcanic tuffites. It is divided into two members, the Las Chacritas Member, and the overlying Puesto Almada member, but the latter has also been assigned to the overlying Cañadón Calcáreo Formation by other authors.[8]

According to a palynological study, the dominant pollen was produced by the conifer families Cheirolepidiaceae (Classopollis) and Araucariaceae (mainly Araucariacites and Callialasporites), suggesting that warm-temperate and relatively humid conditions under highly seasonal climate prevailed during the depositional times of the unit. The abundance of Botryococcus supports the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions.[7]

Vertebrate fauna

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Notobatrachus	N. degiustoi	Cañadon Bagual	Las Chacritas Member	Many articulated, mostly complete skeletons.[9]	Can be distinguished from N. reigsi by features of the skull.
Notobatrachus	N. reigi	Cañadon Bagual	Las Chacritas Member	Most of a partially articulated skeleton and skull.[9]	Can be distinguished from N. degiustoi by features of the skull.

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Condorchelys	C. antiqua C. cf.antiqua	Queso Rallado Bagual Canyon[10] Chucrut	Las Chacritas Member	Holotype: Most of a skull, carapace, and plastron.[9] MPEF-PV 3163, left humerus MPEF-PV 3164, costal plate	A stem turtle outside both extant groups.
Testudinata	Indeterminate	Canela facies	Las Chacritas Member	plastrons[10]	Indeterminate Turtle remains

Lepidosaurs

Lepidosaurs reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Sphenocondor	S. gracilis	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Dentary[11]	Rhynchocephalian

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Allkaruen	A. koi	Canadón Carrizal	Las Chacritas Member	A braincase, as well as a mandible and cervical vertebrae.[12]

Crocodylomorpha

Crocodyliformes reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Almadasuchus	A. figarii	Puesto Almada	Puesto Almada Member	"posterior half of the skull, further isolated elements of skull and lower jaws, fragmentary postcranium"[13]

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Asfaltovenator	A. vialidadi	Cerro Condor	Las Chacritas Member	Nearly compete skull and largely complete front half of the skeleton forward of the hips, distal pubis and fermur and proximal fibula and tibia, partial foot	A probable early member of Allosauroidea.[14]
Bagualia	B. alba	Cañadon Bagual	Las Chacritas Member	The partial skeletons of three individuals	An early member of Eusauropoda.[3]
Cerapoda	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Maxilar with complete dentary[15] Isolated ungual phalanx[15] Isolated Teeth[15]	An indeterminate Cerapodan with resemblances with Hypsilophodon
Condorraptor	C. currumili	Las Chacritas	Las Chacritas Member	Partial articulated skeleton.[16]	A relative of Piatnitzkysaurus from the same formation, and a possible junior synonym of it as well.[17]
Diplodocoidea	Indeterminate	Cerro Condor Sur	Las Chacritas Member	maxilla with associated teeth[18]	Diplodocoid remains of uncertain affinity
Eoabelisaurus	E. mefi	Jugo Luco	Las Chacritas Member	A nearly complete articulated skeleton.[19]	A primitive abelisaurian about 6 to 6.5 m (20 to 21 ft) long.
Heterodontosauridae	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Metapodials, caudal vertebrae and isolated phalanges[15]	heterodontosaurid that cannot be compared with Manidens due to the lack of overlapping fossils.
Manidens	M. condorensis	Queso Rallado Sitio Frenguelli	Las Chacritas Member	Partial articulated specimen.[20] Skull & Associted elements[15] Isolated Teeth [15]	A primitive and small heterodontosaurid.
Patagosaurus	P. fariasi	Cerro Condor	Las Chacritas Member	Many specimens, including a partial skull.[21]	A non-neosauropodan eusauropodan, one of three from the formation.
Piatnitzkysaurus	P. floresi	Cerro Cóndor South	Las Chacritas Member	Two "fragmentary skulls with associated postcranium."[22]	Possible senior synonym of Condorraptor from the same formation.[17]
Sauropodiformes	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor Bagual canyon	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth[23]	An indeterminate Sauropodiform. Possible relationships with Leonerasaurus
Titanosauriformes	Indeterminate	Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth[24]	An indeterminate Titanosauriform. Possible relationships with Atlasaurus
Turiasauria	Indeterminate	El Bagual site	Las Chacritas Member	Isolated Teeth[25]	An indeterminate Turiasaurid whose isolated teeth suggest the presence of a turiasaur taxon in the Toarcian of South America
Volkheimeria	V. chubutensis	Cerro Cóndor South	Las Chacritas Member	"Partial skeleton consisting of presacral and sacral vertebrae, pelvis, [and] hindlimb."[26]	An early eusauropod.

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Argentoconodon	A. fariasorum	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Jaws and several post-cranial elements.[27]	A volaticotherian.
Asfaltomylos	A. patagonicus	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Dental remains.[9]	Related to Henosferus in Henosferidae.
Henosferus	H. molus	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Dental remains.[9]	Related to Asfaltomylos in Henosferidae.
Condorodon	C. spanios	Queso Rallado	Las Chacritas Member	Dental remains.	An "amphilestid".[28]

Plant remains

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Alisporites	A. similis	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Caytoniaceae.
Alisporites	A. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Caytoniaceae.
Araucariacites	A. australis	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Araucariaceae.
Araucariacites	A. fissus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Araucariaceae.
Araucaritites	A. chuchensis	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Araucariaceae.
Athrotaxis	A. ungeri	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Taxodiaceae.
Austrohamia	A. asfaltensis		Sitio Frenguelli	"Impressions of foliage and attached and dispersed seed and pollen cones."[30]	Plant of the family Cupressaceae.
Baculatisporites	B. comaumensis	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Spores.[29]	Spores from the family Osmundaceae.
Botryococcus	B. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Algae.[29]	Algae of the family Botryococcaceae.
Callialasporites	C. dampieri	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Araucariaceae.
	C. microvelatus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Araucariaceae.
	C. turbatus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Araucariaceae.
Cerebropollenites	C. macroverrucosus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Taxodiaceae.
Cladophlebis	C. grahami	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Osmundaceae.
Classopollis	C. classoides	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
	C. intrareticulatus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
	C. simplex	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
Dictyophyllidites	D. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Spores.[29]	Spores of the family Osmundaceae.
Elatoclaudus	E. conferta	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Podocarpaceae.
Elatoclaudus	E. jabalpurensis	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Podocarpaceae.
Equisetites	E. approximatus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the group Equisetales.
Exesipollenites	E. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.
Leiosphaeridia	L. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Algae.[29]	Algae of the family Prasinophyceae.
Microcachryidites	M. castellanosii	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Podocarpaceae.
Nevesisporites	N. cf. radiatus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Spores.[29]	Spores of the group Bryophyta.
Ovoidites	O. spp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Algae.[29]	Algae of the family Zygnemataceae.
Pagiophyllum	P. divaricatum	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Araucariaceae.
Pagiophyllum	P. fiestmantelli	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the family Araucariaceae.
Perinopollenites	P. elatoides	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Podocarpaceae.
Podocarpadites	P. verrucosus	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Podocarpaceae.
Podocarpadites	P. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Podocarpaceae.
Phrixipollenites	P. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Pollen.[29]	Pollen of the family Podocarpaceae.
cf. Rugulatisporites	cf. R. sp.	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Spores.[29]	Spores of the family Osmundaceae.
Scleropteris	S. furcata	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the group Pteridospermata.
Sphenopteris	S. patagonica	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the group Filicales.
Sphenopteris	S. hallei	Central Patagonia	Cañadon Lahuincó	Plants.[29]	Plants of the group Filicales.

References

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D. Pol; J. Ramezani; K. Gomez; J. L. Carballido; A. Paulina Carabajal; O. W. M. Rauhut; I. H. Escapa; N. R. Cúneo (2020). "Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1939): Article ID 20202310. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2310. PMC 7739499. PMID 33203331. S2CID 226982302.
Fantasia, A.; Föllmi, K. B.; Adatte, T.; Spangenberg, J. E.; Schoene, B.; Barker, R. T.; Scasso, R. A. (2021). "Late Toarcian continental palaeoenvironmental conditions: An example from the Canadon Asfalto Formation in southern Argentina". Gondwana Research. 89 (1): 47–65. Bibcode:2021GondR..89...47F. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.10.001. S2CID 225120452. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
Cabaleri, Nora G.; Benavente, Cecilia A. (2013). "Sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the Las Chacritas carbonate paleolake, Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Patagonia, Argentina". Sedimentary Geology. 284–285: 91–105. Bibcode:2013SedG..284...91C. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.11.008.
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Olivera, Daniela E.; Zavattieri, Ana M.; Quattrocchio, Mirta E. (2015). "The palynology of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Cerro Cóndor depocentre, Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoecology and palaeoclimate based on ecogroup analysis". Palynology. 39 (3): 362–386. doi:10.1080/01916122.2014.988382. S2CID 129591727.
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Bibliography

Figari, Eduardo G.; Roberto A. Scasso; Rubén N. Cúneo, and Ignacio Escapa. 2015. Estratigrafía y evolución geológica de la Cuenca de Cañadón Asfalto, Provincia del Chubut, Argentina. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 22. 135–169. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Weishampel, David B.; Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, 1–880.Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2019-02-21..ISBN 0-520-24209-2

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[1] Cúneo, Rubén; Ramezani, Jahandar; Scasso, Roberto; Pol, Diego; Escapa, Ignacio; Zavattieri, Ana M.; Bowring, Samuel A. (November 2013). "High-precision U–Pb geochronology and a new chronostratigraphy for the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Chubut, central Patagonia: Implications for terrestrial faunal and floral evolution in Jurassic". Gondwana Research. 24 (3–4): 1267–1275. Bibcode:2013GondR..24.1267C. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.010. ISSN 1342-937X.

[2] Hauser, N.; Cabaleri, N.G.; Gallego, O.F.; Monferran, M.D.; Silva Nieto, D.; Armella, C.; Matteini, M.; Aparicio González, P.A.; Pimentel, M.M.; Volkheimer, W.; Reimold, W.U. (October 2017). "U-Pb and Lu-Hf zircon geochronology of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Chubut, Argentina: Implications for the magmatic evolution in central Patagonia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 78: 190–212. Bibcode:2017JSAES..78..190H. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.05.001. hdl:11336/36240.

[Bagualia-3] D. Pol; J. Ramezani; K. Gomez; J. L. Carballido; A. Paulina Carabajal; O. W. M. Rauhut; I. H. Escapa; N. R. Cúneo (2020). "Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1939): Article ID 20202310. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2310. PMC 7739499. PMID 33203331. S2CID 226982302.

[4] Fantasia, A.; Föllmi, K. B.; Adatte, T.; Spangenberg, J. E.; Schoene, B.; Barker, R. T.; Scasso, R. A. (2021). "Late Toarcian continental palaeoenvironmental conditions: An example from the Canadon Asfalto Formation in southern Argentina". Gondwana Research. 89 (1): 47–65. Bibcode:2021GondR..89...47F. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.10.001. S2CID 225120452. Retrieved 27 August 2021.

[sciencedirect-5] Cabaleri, Nora G.; Benavente, Cecilia A. (2013). "Sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the Las Chacritas carbonate paleolake, Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Patagonia, Argentina". Sedimentary Geology. 284–285: 91–105. Bibcode:2013SedG..284...91C. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.11.008.

[Figari2015_p142-6] Figari et al., 2015, p.142

[Olivera-7] Olivera, Daniela E.; Zavattieri, Ana M.; Quattrocchio, Mirta E. (2015). "The palynology of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Cerro Cóndor depocentre, Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoecology and palaeoclimate based on ecogroup analysis". Palynology. 39 (3): 362–386. doi:10.1080/01916122.2014.988382. S2CID 129591727.

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